Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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Edutainment, savings, and generational differences in rural areas of Peru
2023 Alberto Chong, Martin Valdivia
We wrote, produced, and implemented a randomized five-episode soap opera on financial inclusion targeted to women from poor, rural areas ravaged by terrorism in Peru. We go beyond measuring attitudes and perceptions but observe actual savings accounts using bank data. Older women, those who directly suffered from terrorist violence, respond very well and save more […]
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Pantallazo a la violencia de género: redes sociales y ciber violencia en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes
2023 Katherine Sarmiento
Este estudio busca explicar el rol de las redes sociales en la ciberviolencia de género en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes de una institución educativa en San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima). Se realiza un estudio de caso cualitativo, utilizando un cuestionario descriptivo, grupos de discusión y entrevistas con estudiantes de cuarto de secundaria. El estudio concluye […]
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Soap operas and pro-savings attitudes in poor rural areas of Peru.
2023 Alberto Chong, Martin Valdivia
We wrote, produced, and implemented a randomized intervention of a five-episode soap opera focusing on attitudes related to trust and savings. It was shown to females living in poor and violence-scarred rural areas and who received the national conditional cash transfer. We find that one year after the intervention treated females significantly improve their attitudes […]
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Edutainment, savings and dwelling-related assets in poor rural areas of Peru
Alberto Chong, Martin Valdivia
We exploit a field experiment by Chong and Valdivia (2023) and test whether por women from rural areas in developing countries that are able to save seek dwellingrelated assets and find causal evidence that this is indeed the case. Furthermore, we also find that the older cohort of women, those aged forty and higher, also […]
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Barreras para la integración laboral de migrantes venezolanos en el Perú: identificación y análisis de opciones de política
2023 Lorena Alcazar, Fernando Távara
The Venezuelan migrant population presents higher levels of unemployment and labour precariousness (e.g. labour informality, lower income) than their national peers. Available literature and interviews with experts suggest that there are multiple factors or barriers at the root of this problem, which can be classified into the following groups: migration regularisation, legal, social and labour […]
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Vocational and business training to improve women’s labour market outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
2018
This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of vocational and business training targeted at women in low- and middle-income countries. The review summarises evidence from thirty-five quantitative studies with an experimental or quasi-experimental design. The review summarises the impact of 30 interventions, containing data from over 80,000 women. The qualitative narrative meta-synthesis includes findings from […]
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Vocational and business training to improve women’s labour market outcomes in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review
2017
This Campbell systematic review examines the impact of vocational and business training targeted at women in low- and middle-income countries. The review summarises evidence from thirty-five quantitative studies with an experimental or quasi-experimental design. The review summarises the impact of 30 interventions, containing data from over 80,000 women. The qualitative narrative meta-synthesis includes findings from […]
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El género y las trayectorias hacia la adultez en el Perú: educación, trabajo y maternidad/paternidad
2017
In this paper we examine how gender affects the educational, employment and parenting trajectories of a sample of young people growing up in poverty in Peru. We report the outcomes and trajectories of 26 members of the older cohort who participated in the qualitative research of the longitudinal study Niños del Milenio between 2007 and […]
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Social protection systems and domestic violence in poor urban contexts: the case of San Juan de Lurigancho
2017
In Peru approximately four out of ten women has suffered from any kind of violence from their partners. In spite of the development of a social protection system in the country, according to the DHS, only 25% of women sought help. This problem of lack of access to the social protection system might be related […]
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Impacts of the Peruvian conditional cash transfer program on women empowerment: a quantitative and qualitative approach
2016
This study aims to identify the effects of the conditional cash transfer program of Peru, Juntos, on women’s empowerment. Although the program does not envisage women’s welfare as an objective per se, women play a key role as they are the main recipients of the cash transfer and are responsible for compliance with the program’s conditions and thus […]
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JournalDevelopment in Practice
Assessing the impacts of a peer-to-peer training programme for women in Peru
2018
This article reports on research that aimed to assess the economic and social impacts of a peer-to-peer training programme targeted to women in Peru, looking at overall and differentiated impacts according to design features, on a sample of 300 women in participant and non-participant communities. The study found significant positive impacts on women’s time devoted […]
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JournalJournal of African Economies
Do Dreams Come True? Aspirations and Educational Attainments of Ethiopian Boys and Girls
2017
Authors use unique individual-level panel data from Ethiopia to investigate the role of aspirations for human-capital investments. More specifically, they investigate how parental and children’s aspirations form and document the relation between early aspirations and educational attainment at the age of 15 and 19. Researchers find that aspirations are predictive of the number of year of schooling completed upon controlling […]
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JournalAssessment in Education: Principles, Policy & Practice
Classroom composition and its association with students’ achievement and socioemotional characteristics in Peru
2016Santiago Cueto, Juan Leon,
School composition is a topic that has gained increasing attention from researchers over the past few years, as it has been found that the socio-economic characteristics of students are associated with their achievement. However, most research has been cross-sectional and carried out in industrialised countries. In the study, the authors use parental education as a […]
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JournalPolicy in Focus
Impacts of the Peruvian Conditional Cash Transfer Programme on women’s empowerment: a quantitative and qualitative approach
2015Lorena Alcazar,
The authors present the early findings from an ongoing evaluation that seeks to identify the impact of Peru’s Juntos programme on women’s empowerment. The study focuses on three empowerment dimensions: decision-making on household resources; freedom of movement; and gender roles and ideology (including perceptions of rights, rejection of male domination, and domestic violence).
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JournalJournal of Family Violence
The Co-Occurrence of Domestic and Child Violence in Urban Peru: Evidence from Three Regions
2015Martín Benavides, Juan Leon,
Using a unique dataset collected from three regions in Peru (Huancavelica, Lima and Loreto), this study explores the co-occurrence of domestic and child violence within households; that is, the situation where a victim of domestic violence (mother) becomes a perpetrator towards other family members (children) in the same household. Secondly, the study seeks to analyze […]
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Labor markets during 1990s
After the Washington Consensus: restarting growth and reform in Latin America2003
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A case study of Manthoc, the movement of working children in Peru
Old enough to work, old enough to have a say1998,
Principios de autonomía de Manthoc como organización, su afán por la representación de los niños, su orientación hacia el conjunto de niños parte de los movimientos de NATs e implementación de una metodología.
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Grandes unidades escolares y violencia: modelo para desarmar
Análisis de políticas: documentos sobre problemas educacionales en América Latina1997Martín Benavides,
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Comando sur: la metáfora de la familia y el poder de la tradición
Fútbol, identidad, violencia y racionalidad1994Martín Benavides,
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Policy brief
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Outsiders?: The Changing Patterns of Exclusion in Latin America and the Caribbean
2008,
This report raises a number of fundamental questions about the multidimensional and interrelated nature of social exclusion and moves beyond the traditional emphasis on outcomes and groups to view exclusion as a process that results from societal traits that limit the functionings of the excluded. Using the tools of experimental economics, the report shows the […]
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Más alla de los promedios: afro descendientes en América Latina: pobreza, discriminación social e identidad el caso de la población afrodescendiente en Perú
2006Martín Benavides, Maximo Torero, Nestor Valdivia,
Se busca responder preguntas cruciales en torno a 3 temas: las percepciones de esta población sobre la discriminación y exclusión social; las características de su cultura y su identidad étnica; y su situación de pobreza.
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Imaginemos un Perú mejor
1989
Artículos periodísticos escritos por el autor entre 1985 y 1988 para promover la diseminación de un enfoque de largo plazo en el pensamiento de quienes diseñan o ejecutan políticas de desarrollo.
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Mimeo
Projects
- Ethnic-racial discrimination in health services in Guatemala: an audit study to evaluate the impacts of an intervention based on health rightsApril 2012 - March 2015
- Study about Afro-descendant children in PeruApril 2012 - October 2012
- Abused mothers and daughters: Inter-generational transmission of domestic violence in PeruNovember 2011
- Innovations in the race and ethnicity modules in the PRIDI (Regional Child Development Indicators Project): Paraguay, Ecuador and PeruJanuary 2011 - April 2011
- Health, violence and early years’ education demandJanuary 2011 - August 2011
- Situation of Afro-descendant childhood and adolescence in PeruJuly 2010 - December 2010
- Rethinking national history in the margins of the state: local narratives in times of conflicts and transformationFebruary 2010 - January 2011
- Study on the status of children and indigenous children in PeruMarch 2009 - November 2009
- Design of the impact assessment of the gender and microfinances projectMay 2008 - June 2008
- Court decentralization and domestic violence against womenApril 2008 - April 2009
News
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Media GRADE, Opinion Article, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Being a Woman in Peru: Presentation and abstract, by Hugo Ñopo
March 4, 2022 Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Inequality in access to resources generated by work is enormous: the salary mass generated by men doubles the salary mass generated by women, and this has changed very little in the last two decades.” Hugo Ñopo, Senior Researcher at GRADE, summarizes the chapters of his new book “Ser Mujer en el Perú” (written together with Josefina Miró Quesada) […]
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Wilson Hernández in Latina: To ban motorcycles or not?
February 20, 2022 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
INEI data show that 40% of money, wallet or cell phone thefts are committed on a motorcycle. 30% of these robberies, in mototaxi. In some cities of Colombia they prohibited carrying a companion on a motorcycle or even the circulation of it. That study revealed that “in effect crime is reduced, but it is very […]
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Wilson Hernández shares his opinion on the authorization of the Armed Forces to support the Police to fight crime
November 3, 2021 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Although the people of the Armed Forces can generate a sense of protection for us, they do not judge, they are not going to put anyone in jail, and, in reality, they are a very short-term solution to a problem that is structural in the Callao and other parts of the country”. Our adjunct researcher Wilson Hernández […]
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Gender equity at work: what works and what doesn’t, by Hugo Ñopo, Sofía Hidalgo and Jerson Veliz
September 17, 2021 Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
What works and what doesn’t to advance gender equality at work? The new article by Hugo Ñopo, Sofía Hidalgo and Jerson Veliz for the blog Foco Economico recounts various initiatives, the effectiveness of which has been documented in the literature.
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Military Service for NEETs: Policy Based on Prejudice or Evidence ?, by María Fernanda Rodríguez and Cristina Glave
August 12, 2021 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“The reasons that lead the vast majority of these young people to this situation are linked to structural problems such as job insecurity, poverty and gender inequalities.” Our Adjunct Researcher Maria Fernanda Rodríguez and Cristina Glave, associated at APOYO Consultoría, write in OjoPúblico about the fact that President Pedro Castillo announced in his inaugural speech that NEETs […]
Events
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Webinar, Publication Presentation, GRADE on live
GRADE 40 years | Book Launch “El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar”
01/09/2022 6:00 pm - 7:30 pm Zoom de GRADE Urbanization and sustainable cities, Education and learning, Employment, productivity and innovation, Rural development and agriculture, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Methodologies for research and evaluation of policy and programmes, Poverty and equality, Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict, State reform and public institutions, Health and nutrition
El Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE) organizes the launch of the book “El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar” (The Pending Peru: essays for a development with well-being), as part of the commemorative celebration for its forty years of institutional life. The book is a collection of essays that, from different conceptual and […]
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Lorena Alcázar will join an IDEHPUCP panel on access to health and education for migrants and refugees
21/06/2022 6:00 pm Zoom y Facebook del IDEHPUCP Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
What are the pending challenges to achieve real access to fundamental rights such as health and education for migrants and refugees in Peru and other Latin American countries? We share the invitation to this upcoming panel as part of the 17th Meeting on Human Rights, held by the Institute of Democracy and Human Rights of the Pontifical Catholic University […]
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GRADE’s researchers will join the 2021 CIES Research Annual Seminar
13/12/2021 → 17/12/2021 10:30 am - 6:15 pm Zoom del CIES Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
From December 13 to 17, several GRADE researchers will be speakers, chairs and discussants at the XXXII CIES 2021 Annual Research Seminar. The event, organized by the Consortium for Economic and Social Research (CIES), will address the question How overcome the challenges of the Bicentennial towards sustainable development? From the three-day program, below are the sessions in […]
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Lorena Alcázar will be a panelist in a Minedu, Senaju and UNFPA virtual forum on youth and adolescents in pandemic
28/10/2021 10:00 am Facebook Senaju y UNFPA Perú Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
In Peru, youth suffer a series of disadvantages and vulnerabilities that have been exacerbated by the pandemic. The situation has been even more critical for those in a situation of special protection (rural, indigenous, Afro-Peruvian, LGBITQ +, with disabilities, among others). The Ministry of Education (Minedu), the National Secretariat for Youth (SENAJU) and the United […]
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Lorena Alcázar will be a panelist at a PNUD dialogue on local governance to address gender-based violence through community action
28/10/2021 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm Zoom de PNUD Perú Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our Senior Researcher Lorena Alcázar will join the presentation of the methodological notebook “Local governance to address gender-based violence through community action. Case: The Justa network of leaders”, prepared by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). This methodological notebook proposes a set of steps for the creation and strengthening of networks of organizations of women leaders […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






