Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Vanessa Rojas Arangoitia
PhD en - Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Vanessa holds a PhD in Sociology from Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She has a degree in Anthropology and a Master’s degree in Political Science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Her work has focused on the anthropology of education and childhood, addressing issues of educational transitions, child welfare, educational quality and power relations. During 2012, she […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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La pandemia y la salud mental: Un estudio basado en experiencias vividas por jóvenes peruanas vulnerables
2025 Vanessa Rojas, Elaine C. Flores
Although mental health is recognised as a right in Peruvian public policy, there remains a paucity of evidence that addresses subjective experiences of emotional distress from the perspective of young people themselves. This research contributes to closing this gap through an in-depth qualitative approach, focusing on the voices of two young women who report mental […]
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JournalJournal of Development Economics
The long shadow of conflict on human capital: Intergenerational evidence from Peru
2025 Alessandra Hidalgo, Catherine Porter, Alan Sanchez, Saurabh Singhal
This paper estimates the intergenerational impacts of mothers’ exposure to the 1980–2000 Peruvian civil conflict on their children’s socio-emotional skills development. We combine longitudinal data, which measures skills across a child’s life, with historical geo-located conflict data. Exploiting spatial and temporal variation in conflict episodes, we find that mothers’ exposure to conflict has adverse intergenerational […]
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Young Lives attrition report: Round 7
2025 María de los Ángeles Molina, Marta Favara, Alan Sanchez, Amanda Woodman
Over more than 20 years, Young Lives has followed two cohorts born seven years apart (Favara et al. 2021). This technical note documents the attrition rates from the seventh round of the Young Lives survey carried out in Ethiopia, India (the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana) and Peru in 2023–24, when the Younger Cohort […]
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Panorama de los programas de visitas domiciliarias en América Latina y el Caribe
2024 Gabriela Guerrero, Marcela Ponce de León
The Inter-American Dialogue and UNICEF present this study as a contribution to strengthening the early childhood care and development agenda in the region. Through a cross-sectional analysis and comparison of the design and implementation of home visiting programmes in ten countries in the region, the study seeks to provide a characterisation of these programmes, highlighting […]
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The effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the subjective well-being of rural and urban young people in Peru
2024 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván León
This report is a summary of a longer report published in Spanish and available on the Niños del Milenio website here. Niños del Milenio/Young Lives has followed children through to young adulthood in Peru, including understanding how their perceptions of their well-being have changed over time. Using qualitative data from 2 birth cohorts, aged 21- 22 […]
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Propuesta de fortalecimiento del Proyecto Educativo Regional de Ayacucho y Huánuco
2012
This document is a road map to facilitate understanding and implementation of the Regional Education Project (PER) in the regions of Ayacucho and Huánuco. In this sense, the document seeks first to point out some problems or inadequacies detected in the PER. Secondly, the document proposes a new order or structure for the PER which, […]
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Gender Earnings Gaps in the World
2011,
The paper documents gender disparities in labor earnings for sixty-four countries around the world. Disparities are partially attributed to gender differences in observable socio-demographic and job characteristics. These characteristics are used to match males and females such that gender earnings disparities are computed only among individuals with the same characteristics, as in Ñopo (2008). After […]
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Infancia, transiciones y bienestar en el Perú: una revisión bibliográfica
2010
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
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Evolution of Gender Gaps in Latin America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Addendum to “New Century, Old Disparities”
2010,
The paper complements the findings of Atal, Ñopo and Winder (2009) on gender and ethnic wage gaps for 18 Latin American countries circa 2005 by analyzing gender wage gaps for the same countries between circa 1992 and circa 2007. During this span the overall gender earnings gaps dropped about 7 percentage points, while the unexplained […]
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Evolution of Gender Wage Gaps in Latin America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Addendum to “New Century, Old Disparities”
2010,
The authors complements the findings of Atal, Ñopo and Winder (2010) on gender and ethnic wage gaps for 18 Latin American countries circa 2005 by analyzing gender wage gaps for the same countries between circa 1992 and circa 2007. During this span the overall gender earnings gaps dropped about 7 percentage points, while the unexplained […]
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JournalGlobalization, Societies and Education
Global citizenship and marginalization: contributions towards a political economy of global citizenship
2011Maria Balarin,
This paper provides a critical discussion of the literature on global citizenship education using a theorical approach that sterms form political economy theories of globalisation.
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Using Pseudo‐Panels To Measure Income Mobility In Latin America
2011,
The paper presents a comparative overview of mobility patterns in 14 Latin American countries between 1992 and 2003. Using three alternative econometric techniques on constructed pseudo-panels, the paper provides a set of estimators for the traditional notion of income mobility as well as for mobility around extreme and moderate poverty lines. The estimates suggest very […]
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To What Extent Do Latin Americans Trust, Reciprocate, and Cooperate?: Evidence from Experiments in Six Latin American Countries
2009,
The paper explores the extent to which individuals trust, reciprocate, cooperate, and pool risk. The authors use a battery of field experiments containing the trust game, the voluntary contribution mechanism, and the risk-pooling game, which we apply in six capital cities in Latin America. A salient feature of the paper is that the data is […]
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The Mystery of Discrimination in Latin America
2008,
In the paper the authors focus on a particular family of studies, namely, wage gaps decompositions. Numerous efforts have focused on documenting earnings differentials between females and males, indigenous and nonindigenous people, or Afro-descendants and whites. As the pieces of the literature that the authors survey in this section show, comparisons of hourly labor earnings (wages or […]
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JournalRevista Economía
Occupational training to reduce gender segregation: The impacts of ProJoven
2008,
The paper illustrates the process of program evaluation for ProJoven, the Peruvian youth labor training program. The program provides beneficiaries with basic three-month training in lowskill occupations and with internship opportunities. ProJoven’s design promotes gender equality by encouraging female participation in training for traditionally male-dominated occupations and by providing subsidies so mothers with children can […]
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Las aspiraciones de las mujeres rurales de Cajamarca en la educación de sus hijas e hijos
2020
En este artículo, Gabriela Arrunátegui analiza las aspiraciones de las mujeres de zonas rurales de Cajamarca en la educación de sus hijas e hijos. Para ello, empleó la información cualitativa recogida en el año 2019 por el equipo del proyecto CREER, sobre prácticas pedagógicas y de género en 12 instituciones educativas multigrado de primaria en […]
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Experiencias de convivencia, matrimonio y maternidad/paternidad en adolescentes y jóvenes peruanos
2019
Cohabitation before the age of 18 and during the first years of transition to adulthood in Peru is a reality that mainly affects women. Data from Young Lives indicate that, by the age of 19, 30 % of women were already cohabiting, while only 7 % of men were. The sub-study on which this policy […]
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”Cualquier cosa nos puede pasar”. Cuando la violencia marca el ciclo de vida de las niñas en el Perú
2019
This qualitative study aims to highlight the multiple and persistent forms of violence that Peruvian girls can experiment from childhood to adolescence, as well as the resources they have to respond to it. In addition, the purpose of this brief is to approach the complex relationship that exists between the individual, familiar and community spaces, as […]
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Social protection, economic opportunity strategies and women’s empowerment in Peru
2018
This article presents results from two evaluation studies aimed at providing evidence of the impact of social protection programmes on women’s well-being. Specifically, the studies evaluate the impacts of the Peruvian programmes Haku Wiñay and Juntos on women’s empowerment dimensions, such as decision-making on household resources, gender roles and ideology, self-esteem and domestic violence. Findings from […]
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Book
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Mimeo
Projects
News
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Wilson Hernández shares his opinion in El Comercio about the police reform: lay the foundations and propose a plan
November 29, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
What this government will do is lay the foundations for the police reform and propose a work plan for a commission to execute it as of July 28, 2021. But in these months of the transitional government, progress can be made on important issues”. According to our adjunct researcher, Wilson Hernández, these issues are three: improving the […]
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Wilson Hernández in RPP Noticias: survey reveals that 30% of victims noticed the first sign of violence in the first year of romantic relationship
November 25, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Wilson Hernández, adjunct researcher at GRADE, spoke in RPP Noticias about the findings of a survey conducted among women victims of intimate partner violence. This study indicates that 30% of the victims noticed the first sign of violence in the first year of romantic relationship. While another 30% perceived violence in the second year.
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“Not all aggressors and not all victims are the same”. Wilson Hernández joins REDES and RPP podcast on violence against women
November 24, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Not all aggressors and not all victims are the same. They are different in the frequency and severity of the attacks. Let’s discuss two patterns of victimization. One in which women suffer a lot of physical, psychological and sexual aggression, and are subjected to aggression in the last 12 months. This is 9% of women […]
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Come On, Guys: It’s Time Men Got More Involved at Home, by Hugo Ñopo
October 22, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“One of the biggest hurdles women face when it comes to professional opportunities lies at home. We — husbands, fathers, sons and brothers — are largely responsible for the inequality that stems from our own behavior in the household. And we do this to the people we love!”. Hugo Ñopo, senior researcher at GRADE, writes in Americas Quaterly […]
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Young, rural and low-income women lost more their jobs during the pandemic
October 21, 2020 Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“The research calculated that 34% of female heads of households lost their jobs compared to 28% of their male counterparts, as this problem is much more profound in Peru, El Salvador, Honduras and Bolivia. More than half of the women female heads of households who are in charge of children under 6 have seen their […]
Events
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Lorena Alcázar will be a panelist at a PNUD dialogue on local governance to address gender-based violence through community action
28/10/2021 3:00 pm - 4:00 pm Zoom de PNUD Perú Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our Senior Researcher Lorena Alcázar will join the presentation of the methodological notebook “Local governance to address gender-based violence through community action. Case: The Justa network of leaders”, prepared by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP). This methodological notebook proposes a set of steps for the creation and strengthening of networks of organizations of women leaders […]
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Ricardo Fort joined a COVID-19 Responses for Equity CORE Initiative international panel
23/06/2021 8:00 am Zoom CORE Initiative Urbanization and sustainable cities, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our Senior Researcher Ricardo Fort joined an IDRC and IDS COVID-19 Responses for Equity (CORE) Initiative international discussion. GRADE is member of the CORE initative. The event explored learnings from approaches to identifying, assessing, and pursuing opportunities to influence policy decisions and changes in practice. Co-hosted by Southern Voice and IDS, saught to enhance efforts to inform […]
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GRADE’s researchers join the CIES Research Seminar on social policies
16/06/2021 → 17/06/2021 10:30 am Zoom CIES Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
On Thursday 17th, our adjunct researcher Wilson Hernández will present “Impact of Line 100 of the MIMP”, as part of the research seminar on social policies of the Consortium for Economic and Social Research (CIES). Hugo Ñopo, Senior Researcher at GRADE, will join the discussion panel. On Wednesday 16, Gabriela Arrunátegui, former GRADE’s research assistant, and Micaela Giesecke […]
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Vanessa Rojas will be a speaker at a dialogue for adolescence free of marriage
28/05/2021 4:00 pm Facebook del Grupo Interdisciplinario de Familias Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Vanessa Rojas, associated researcher at GRADE, will be a speaker at the dialogue on Adolescence free of marriage: Let’s eradicate adolescent marriage and / or early unions from the age of 14, organized by the PUCP Interdisciplinary Family Group, International Plan, UNFPA, Academic Forum, WILA, Learning Together and the UNMSM Human Rights Circle. Vanessa will present […]
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GRADE researchers at LASA 2021, Global crisis, inequalities and the centrality of life
25/05/2021 → 29/05/2021 Web de LASA Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our researchers Vanessa Rojas and Wilson Hernández will be speakers at the international virtual congress of the Latin American Studies Association LASA 2021, organized from May 26 to 29. According to the Congress website, under the theme Global crisis, inequalities and the centrality of life, the event will be a meeting for reflection and exchange […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






