Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
-
María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
-
Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
-
Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
-
Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
-
Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
-
Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
-
JournalThe B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy
Edutainment and dwelling-telated assets in poor rural areas of Peru
2024 Alberto Chong, Martin Valdivia
We exploit a field experiment by (Chong, A., and M. Valdivia. 2023. “Edutainment, Savings, and Generational Differences in Rural Areas of Peru.” In Working Paper. Department of Economics, Georgia State University) and test whether poor women from rural areas in developing countries that are able to save seek dwelling-related assets and find causal evidence that this […]
-
JournalReview of Development Economics
Violence in pandemic times: the dynamic relationship between COVID-19 and intimate partner violence
2024 Wilson Hernández, Angelo Cozzubo, Jose Carlos Aguilar, Jorge Aguero, José Mendoza
Intimate partner violence (IPV) increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, but few studies use national data and explore underlying mechanisms. To address this gap, we study the changes in IPV during the first ten months of the pandemic in Peru. We study the number of calls received by the national helpline for domestic violence victims, Línea […]
-
JournalViolence Against Women
Beyond the surface: intimate partner violence typology and recent depression
2024 Wilson Hernández, Jhon Ortega
Depression and intimate partner violence (IPV) are highly related. However, it is unclear what drives this relationship: the form of violence (psychological, physical, or sexual) or its severity. In this study, we first identify patterns of combined forms and severity of violence and then estimate the effects of IPV on depression. We use the DHS […]
-
Unveiling barriers to women’s access to decent work in Peru
2024 Lorena Alcazar, Fernando Távara, Shirley Huerta
Peru suffers from a serious gender inequality problem in the labor market that cannot be understood by considering employment rates alone. Rather, it is also necessary to analyze the conditions under which women participate in the labor market. This study seeks to identify economic, legal, and socio-cultural barriers that women face in accessing decent employment. […]
-
Abordando los estereotipos de género y políticas públicas para facilitar el acceso a un trabajo decente en las mujeres en el Perú
2023 Lorena Alcazar, Fernando Távara, Shirley Huerta
A pesar de años de esfuerzos promoviendo la igualdad de género y cierto progreso, la desigualdad laboral entre mujeres y hombres persiste en el Perú. En 2022, un equipo de investigadores del PEP (Partnership for Economic Policy) analizó los factores detrás de esta persistente brecha y, más específicamente, las barreras que impiden el acceso de […]
-
La inclusión educativa de NNA migrantes venezolanos en el Perú: una política que no se puede nombrar
2020
The education sector has identified the important and growing demand of foreign migrant families, and has reacted to this issue. However, a discourse and practice guaranteeing the right to education coexists with a marked absence of policies explicitly aimed at facilitating its educational inclusion. In this analysis paper, the authors address the educational inclusion of […]
-
Factores asociados a la violencia de pareja contra mujeres: un enfoque departamental desde los patrones de victimización (ENDES 2008-2018)
2019
In Peru, violence against women is a problem of high and persistent prevalence. Despite this, little has been studied in the country and precisely due to two central limitations. On the one hand, research has used aggregated measures contributing to the image of a homogeneous profile’s victim that do not represent the subgroups of women […]
-
Brechas que perduran: una radiografía de la exclusión social en Perú
2019
Peru achieved many of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) before the 2015 deadline, a sign of the great economic and social advances of recent decades. However, the high levels of heterogeneity that persist in the development indicators show the high inequalities in the country, particularly in relation to traditionally excluded groups such as women, indigenous […]
-
Experiencias de convivencia, matrimonio y maternidad/paternidad en adolescentes y jóvenes peruanos
2019
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
-
Social Interactions and Female Voting in Rural Paraguay: The Role of Urbanization Patterns on the Effectiveness of GOVT Campaigns
2018
Los autores utilizan un experimento de campo para evaluar el impacto de dos campañas informativas “sacar el voto” (get-out-the-vote) para impulsar la participación electoral femenina en Paraguay. Encuentran que las campañas públicas no tuvieron ningún efecto ni en la probabilidad de registro ni en la participación de los votantes en las elecciones presidenciales de 2013. […]
-
JournalJournal of New Approaches in Educational Research
Design, Validation, and Application of a Questionnaire on Media Education for Teachers in Training
2019
This article details the process of design, validation and application (N = 501) of an ad-hoc questionnaire that measures Peruvian teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, and reasoning in training on media education. With regards to the method, several psychometric validation techniques were applied and the results were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed a high level […]
-
JournalSSM Population Health
Exploring the association between segregation and physical intimate partner violence in Lima, Peru: the mediating role of gender norms and social capital
2019
Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been globally recognized as a major public health problem. A growing body of evidence has identified a significant relationship between living in a neighborhood of concentrated disadvantage and experiencing IPV. Considering the increasing rates of poverty and segregation registered in Latin American cities, research on the effects of segregation on […]
-
JournalAmerican Journal of Political Science
Urbanization Patterns, Information Diffusion, and Female Voting in Rural Paraguay
2019
Researchers use a field experiment to evaluate the impact of two informational get-out-the-vote campaigns to boost female electoral participation in rural areas of Paraguay. They find that public rallies had a small and insignificant effect either on registration or voter turnout in the 2013 presidential elections. Households that received door-to-door canvassing treatment were 4.6 percentage points more likely […]
-
JournalEthnic and Racial Studies
Dynamics of ethnic and racial self-identification in contemporary Peru
2018
This study has sought to analyse how the social and cultural dynamics of the population are expressed in the recent processes of ethnic self-identification in Peru. Data from 2012 to 2016 Peru National Household survey was used to investigate specifically: (a) on the contribution of the questions about ethnic and racial self-identification included in the […]
-
JournalSociology of Race and Ethnicity
Access to Higher Education of Afro-Peruvians: Disentangling the Influence of Skin Color and Social Origins in the Peruvian Stratification System
2018
Despite recent efforts by the Peruvian government to rectify centuries of injustice against Afro-Peruvians, not much is known about the relative influence of discrimination and social origins on Afro-Peruvians’ access to higher education. Using data from the 2014 Specialized Study of Afro-Peruvian Population and logistic regression, the authors examine the influence of skin color and […]
-
Las mujeres en las Ciencias Sociales: reflexiones sobre el contexto peruano a partir de una revisión de la literatura internacional
Bajo el radar de Sofía: oportunidades y barreras de las profesionales en el Perú2014Maria Balarin,
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
-
¿Cómo incluir a los pueblos indígenas andinos? : avances, desafíos y lecciones aprendidas del otorgamiento de derechos de consulta en el Perú y Bolivia
América Latina hacia la Inclusión Social: Avances, aprendizajes y desafíos2014Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave,
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
-
La situación de la educación en Ayacucho: una mirada desde el enfoque basado en los derechos humanos
Educación y conflicto armado ¡Nunca más!: una reflexión desde Ayacucho, a propósito del Informe de Seguimiento a EPT 2011. "Una crisis encubierta: educación y conflicto armado"2011
A general overview is shown, with the main educational indicators in the region, both quantitative and qualitative. It was found that Ayacucho is slightly below the national average. Also, among the most relevant findings, it was found that for the educational community the biggest problem has to do with the figure of the teacher and […]
-
Exclusión, identidad étnica y políticas de inclusión social en el Perú: el caso de la población indígena y la población afrodescendiente
Investigación, políticas y desarrollo en el Perú -
Diferencias en el acceso de las mujeres al microcrédito en el Perú e impacto de la tenencia del título de propiedad
Mercado y gestión del microcrédito en el Perú2004Maximo Torero, ,
El presente estudio pretende medir el acceso de las mujeres al microcrédito en el Perú. Asimismo, busca examinar el vínculo entre la distribución por género de los derechos de propiedad y las limitaciones en el acceso de las mujeres peruanas al crédito.
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Policy brief
-
New Century, Old Disparities : Gender and Ethnic Earnings Gaps in Latin America and the Caribbean
2012,
Despite sustained economic growth at the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, Latin America and the Caribbean still faces high inequality and weak indicators of well-being among certain population groups. Women, people of African ancestry, and indigenous peoples are often at the bottom of the income distribution. The share of […]
-
Métodos para la investigación con niños: lecciones aprendidas, desafíos y propuestas desde la experiencia de Niños del Milenio en Perú
2010
It is an important contribution to qualitative research on children in Peru for several reasons. The first is that while respecting the inductive nature of qualitative research, the book clearly shows how previous research is taken into account, mainly in terms of the conception of children as the focus of academic interest. Building on previous […]
-
Continuity and respect for diversity: strengthening early transitions in Peru
2010
This working paper is part of a series on early transitions from Young Lives, a 15-year longitudinal study of childhood poverty in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam. It explores the diverse experiences of 28 children from four contrasting communities in Peru as they start school. These detailed case studies highlight common problems: exclusion of certain […]
-
Discrimination in Latin America : An Economic Perspective
2010,
The chapters presented in that volume adopt a variety of these methodological tools in order to explore the extent to which discrimination against women and demographic minorities is pervasive in Latin America. In chapter two, Castillo, Petrie, and Torero present a series of experiments to understand the nature of discrimination in urban Lima, Peru. They […]
-
Más crecimiento, más equidad: Prioridades de desarrollo en Guatemala
2008,
La estructura y selección de temas de la presente publicación responde, en su mayor parte, a un diagnóstico de crecimiento para Guatemala realizado en 2007, donde se identificaron un conjunto de factores que afectan las posibilidades de desarrollo del país. A lo largo de las páginas hay un reconocimiento tácito de que, si bien todos […]
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Mimeo
Projects
- Impacts of the Juntos Program on women’s empoweringOctober 2014
- Support for the Inter-institutional Technical Committee of Ethnicity StatisticsNovember 2013 - October 2013
- Diagnosis on gender-based violence against children and adolescentsAugust 2013 - December 2013
- Development of a methodology to identify Indigenous Peoples for whom the Prior Consultation Act is applicable in the Peruvian Andes.May 2013 - June 2013
- Childhood, violence and developmentJanuary 2013 - December 2013
- Review of the Logical Framework of the National Program against Family ViolenceNovember 2012 - January 2013
- Mapping of micro credit integration experiences with training on gender or domestic violenceNovember 2012
- Causal estimates of intangible costs of violence against women in Latin American and The CaribbeanSeptember 2012 - January 2013
- New dilemmas in public analysis and follow-up of ethnic inequality in Peru – IISeptember 2012 - April 2014
- Indicators on violence against children in PeruMay 2012 - January 2013
News
-
En la sociedad peruana aún operan diversos mecanismos que han perpetuado inequidades sociales basadas en las diferencias de género y expresadas en las desiguales oportunidades de desarrollo que tienen hombres y mujeres en nuestro país. Esta forma de desigualdad tiene raíces estructurales que no solo se manifiestan en los planos sociales y económicos, sino también […]
-
GRADE joins an IDRC’s project on regenerative and inclusive agri-food systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
February 8, 2023 Rural development and agriculture, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
GRADE is part of a new IDRC’s project on how to accelerate the transition to regenerative and inclusive agrifood systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the face of the vulnerability of natural ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean, and their impact on food security and livelihoods, an innovative business approach has emerged that […]
-
GRADE frente al COVID-19, Institutional News
Gender-based violence in pandemic. Podcast GRADE Conversa 16 featuring Angelo Cozzubo (University of Chicago and PUCP)
February 1, 2023 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
The expansion of COVID-19 forced goverments to implement social isolation measures that, in turn, created unique conditions for increase violence. During the months of quarantine in Peru, non-essential services were closed, including non-reporting services for victims of violence such as the Women’s Emergency Centers. Police stations did not close, but the availability of police to attend victims […]
-
Wilson Hernández’s opinion on the ineffectiveness of protection measures to protect women who suffer gender-based violence
November 7, 2022 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“When we talk about protection measures, maybe one imagines a policeman at the door of your house 24 hours a day, but that is not the case. Most measures are almost suggestions, they have no deterrent power.” Read the opinion of our Adjunct Researcher Wilson Hernández in this Salud con lupa story on the ineffectiveness […]
-
Media GRADE, Comment, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Hugo Ñopo in Forbes Peru: the main gender gaps in the Peruvian labor market
March 9, 2022 Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
The entry of women into “flexible” or part-time jobs occurs because they still mostly attend to domestic duties or within their homes. “The National Time Use Survey reveals that in a typical week, women have two fewer days to work. This implies a huge inequality of opportunity.” Read the comments of Hugo Ñopo, Senior Researcher at GRADE […]
Events
-
Vanessa Rojas was a panelist at UNICEF Peru’s Dialogues “Towards the construction of a Social Protection System in Peru”
12/04/2023 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“In Peru, we are still moving from a medical approach to a biopsychosocial one. We still see disability from its individual limitations and do not consider the issue of limits in the social environment, which are key when we talk about social protection in general”. Vanessa Rojas, Associated Researcher at GRADE, joined the UNICEF Peru’s Dialogues “Towards the construction […]
-
Lorena Alcázar participates in various Southern Voice activities on the occasion of the 67th session of the Commission on the Status of Women.
07/03/2023 → 10/03/2023 New York Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Poverty and equality
Our Senior Researcher Lorena Alcazar is in New York attending various Southern Voice activities, a think tank network of which GRADE is a partner. As a member of the Southern Voice’s Steering Committee, Lorena joined its first face-to-face meeting since 2019 to discuss the work of the network in the next couple of years. Also, on the occasion of the […]
-
Miguel Jaramillo and Ricardo Fort participated in the Core Covid’s global & regional learning event in Dakar
17/01/2023 → 19/01/2023 Dakar, Senegal Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our Senior Researchers Miguel Jaramillo and Ricardo Fort participated in the Covid-19 Responses for Equity Core Covid global & regional learning event held last week by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Institute of Development Studies in Dakar, Senegal. The meeting aimed to discuss synergies and strengthen plans to turn research into action […]
-
Seminario internacional Inclusión laboral con enfoque de género en respuesta al COVID-19 en Latinoamérica
24/11/2022 9:00 am - 11:00 am Zoom y Facebook de GRADE Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
El Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE) tiene el agrado de invitarle al seminario internacional Inclusión laboral con enfoque de género en respuesta al COVID-19 en Latinoamérica. El seminario virtual propone debatir en torno a intervenciones para promover el empleo en el contexto económico afectado por la pandemia, así como discutir propuestas y recomendaciones de […]
-
Lorena Alcázar and Vanessa Rojas presented the UNICEF study, “Social protection measures of the Peruvian government in times of COVID-19”
29/09/2022 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
UNICEF Perú launched its report “Medidas de protección social del gobierno peruano en época de la COVID-19” (Social protection measures of the Peruvian government in times of COVID-19), carried out by GRADE’s researchers, Lorena Alcázar and Vanessa Rojas. The report, aimed to contribute to the development of a social protection system in Peru, was presented by our researchers and discussed by Pablo Casalí, […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






