Education and Learning
In the past several years, there have been improvements in Peruvian education. For example, enrollment rates have increased, and there is an observable trend toward improvement in standardized test scores. However, there is still much to be done in terms of the quality, equality, and relevance of education in Peru.
Therefore, all GRADE studies focus on identifying the existing challenges for the Peruvian educational system in achieving its intended impact on society. In these studies, GRADE researchers place significant emphasis on educational inequality. As such, our researchers have conducted studies on the effects of poverty, living in rural areas, race and ethnicity (with a focus on indigenous peoples and the Afro-Peruvian community), and disability on educational opportunities and success. GRADE researchers have likewise incorporated a gender component into many studies.
Informed by these studies as well as others, GRADE researchers have been directly involved in policy debates in numerous sectors of government, including those of the Ministry of Education and other institutions working on topics in education.
Senior Researchers
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Lorena Alcázar Valdivia
PhD en Economics - Washington University
Lorena has a BA in Economics from the Pacific University in Peru, a Master’s Degree in Political and International Economy from the Kiel Institute of World Economics, and a PhD in Economics from Washington University. She is currently a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE). Previously, she served as Vice-President […]
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Santiago Cueto Caballero
PhD en Educational Psychology - Indiana University
Santiago Cueto holds a degree in Educational Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and a PhD in the same field from Indiana University in the United States. He has been a Visiting Researcher at the University of California at Davis and the University of Oxford. He is currently a Senior Researcher at GRADE, […]
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Gabriela Guerrero Barnechea
PhD en Educational Sciences - KU Leuven
Gabriela Guerrero has a PhD in Educational Sciences from the KU Leuven in Belgium and a Master’s Degree in Development Studies with a major in Public Policy from the Institute of Social Studies in The Hague, The Netherlands. She has a Bachelor’s Degree in Educational Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She is currently a […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Patricia McLauchlan de Arregui
M.A. en Sociology - Johns Hopkins University
Patricia McLauchlan de Arregui graduated in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She obtained her MA and concluded her doctoral studies in Sociology at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. She has worked for GRADE as a Senior Researcher since 1985 and was Executive Director of the institution between 1988 and 1998. Her […]
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Vanessa Rojas Arangoitia
PhD en - Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Vanessa holds a PhD in Sociology from Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She has a degree in Anthropology and a Master’s degree in Political Science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Her work has focused on the anthropology of education and childhood, addressing issues of educational transitions, child welfare, educational quality and power relations. During 2012, she […]
Associated Researchers
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Carmela Chávez Irigoyen
PhD en - Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
Carmela Chávez Irigoyen holds a PhD in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, where she also obtained a Degree in Sociology and a Bachelor’s Degree in Social Sciences. She has a Master’s Degree in Advanced Studies in Human Rights and a Master’s Degree in Fundamental Rights from the Carlos III University in Madrid. […]
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
Adjunct Researchers
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Antonio Campos Flores
PhD candidate en - University of San Andrés, Argentina
Antonio is a PhD Candidate in Economics from the University of San Andrés in Argentina. He holds a Master’s Degree in Economics from the University of San Andrés and a Bachelor’s Degree in Economics from the Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. He has been a coordinator of educational policy evaluations at the Ministry of […]
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Liliana Miranda Molina
Master en - Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
Liliana has a master’s degree in Education Research from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona and a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). She worked at the Ministry of Education (MINEDU), first as Head of MINEDU’s Quality Measurement Unit and then as Vice-Minister of Pedagogical Management. Currently, Liliana is an Adjunct […]
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María Fernanda Rodríguez García
PhD Candidate en - Cambridge University
María Fernanda is an Adjunct Researcher at GRADE. She holds a Master’s degree in Education, Globalization & International Development from Cambridge University in United Kingdom and a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She is currently a PhD candidate in Education at Cambridge University. Her areas of interest are the critical […]
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Paola Sarmiento Huerta
Master in Arts en - University of British Columbia
Paola holds a MA on Educational Policy from University of British Columbia (UBC) and has a degree in Educational Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. She has been part of educational reform processes in Peru such as the Public Teaching Career and the University Reform. In addition, she has been a member of the […]
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Claudia Sugimaru Arakaki
Máster en Educational Sciences - KU Leuven
Claudia holds a Master’s degree in Educational Sciences from KU Leuven in Belgium and a degree in Psychology with a major in Education from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Currently, she is an Adjunct Researcher at GRADE.
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Jessica Tapia Soriano
Master en - Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO)
Jessica holds a Master’s degree in Social Sciences with an orientation on Education from the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Argentina. Currently she is an Adjunct Researcher at GRADE and the Pedagogical Coordinator of the Growing with Multigrade Rural Schools in Peru (CREER) Project.
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Verónica Villarán Bedoya
Master en - Social Sciences with an orientation on Education
Verónica holds a Degree in Social Psychology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru and a Master’s degree in Social Sciences with an orientation on Education from the Latin American Faculty of Social Sciences (FLACSO) in Argentina. Between 2011 and 2014 she worked at the Ministry of Education, first as Director of Educational Research and Documentation and […]
Research Assistants
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Aranza Ballesteros
Degree en -
Aranza holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, and will support as a research assistant to the project team: ‘AdaptED – Observatory for Educational Resilience in Latin America and the Caribbean’, led by Santiago Cueto, principal investigator.
Project Support Staff
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Mónica Lizama Egoavil
Degree en - National Agrarian University
Mónica studied Statistical and Computer Science Engineer at the National University Agrarian La Molina. Currently she is the Data Manager for Young Lives in Peru. Before joining Young Lives, Mónica worked as a statistics assistant at the Peruvian National Institute of Statistics (INEI) and the International Nutrition Institute (IIN).
External Affiliated Researchers
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David Baker
PhD en - Johns Hopkins University
David P. Baker is Professor of Education and Sociology at the Pennsylvania State University. His research focuses on the impact of education on individuals and societies, international comparisons of school organization, academic outcomes, and educational policy. His most recent book is The Schooled Society: The Educational Transformation of Global Culture. Palo Alto CA: Stanford University […]
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Jere R. Behrman
Ph.D. en - Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Professor Behrman is a leading international researcher in empirical microeconomics, with emphasis on developing economies. He is also a Research Associate at Penn’s Population Studies Center. His research interests include empirical microeconomics, labor economics, human resources (early childhood development, education, health, nutrition), project evaluation, economic demography, incentive systems and household behaviors. The unifying dimension of […]
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Marjorie Chinen
PhD en - University of California
Marjorie is a Ph.D. in Education with emphasis on Advanced Quantitative Methods in Social Research Methodology from the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA). She has over 15 years of experience in project management, technical assistance, research and fieldwork in international development. She has led multiple projects in different areas of education, and designed and […]
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Marta Favara
PhD en - University of Essex
Marta is a Senior Researcher at the Oxford Department of International Development at the University of Oxford where she is leading the quantitative research agenda of Young Lives since 2015. She is also a Research Fellow at the Oxford Martin School Programme on African Governance and an IZA Research Affiliate. Before joining Young Lives, she […]
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Sonia Laszlo
PhD en - University of Toronto
Sonia Laszlo is Associate Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute for the Study of International Development. Her main research areas cover many aspects of applied microeconomic analysis in economic development: rural development, access to markets, and the relationship between income, health and education in economic development. In addition to using traditional analytic tools […]
Visiting Researchers
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Claudia Galindo
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Claudia holds a Ph.D. in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University, and a post-doctoral degree in Social Organization of Schools from Johns Hopkins University. She is an Associated Professor at University of Maryland, Baltimore County where she teaches in the fields of educational inequalities, inmigration and research methodologies.
Publications
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El uso de las tecnologías para la generación de aprendizajes: desafíos para la formación inicial y en servicio del profesorado
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022 Juan Leon, Claudia Sugimaru
In this essay, the authors focus on a specific topic, namely the Technological, Pedagogical and Disciplinary Knowledge (TPACK) model. The adoption of this model – or others – could help guide the long-awaited and much-needed reform of initial teacher education and professional development, which should be part of a broader strategy aimed at further strengthening […]
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Anotaciones sobre el derecho a la educación en el Perú, hoy: la urgencia por la indignación
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022 Santiago Cueto
The right to education recalls, first of all, the existence of international and national regulations that oblige the State to guarantee that all people have access to quality education, relevant to their personal development and that of society. The main actors linked to management during the last decades seem to have forgotten that education is […]
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Madres jóvenes en pandemia: una aproximación cualitativa a los retos del cuidado infantil
2022 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván
Este documento presenta las percepciones de mujeres que fueron madres en su juventud, y que forman parte de la muestra longitudinal del estudio cualitativo Niños del Milenio (NdM). Para ellas, la labor de cuidado se complejizó al asumir el acompañamiento educativo de sus hijos durante la pandemia del COVID-19. Las mujeres que fueron madres en […]
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Materiales y recursos educativos en escuelas rurales multigrado. Un estudio sobre percepciones de docentes y funcionarios en el contexto de la pandemia
2022 Liliana Miranda, Claudia Felipe, Lucía Vargas
El nuevo documento de nuestro proyecto Creciendo con las Escuelas Rurales Multigrado en el Perú (CREER) explora las valoraciones de docentes y funcionarios de instancias de gestión educativa descentralizada de Cajamarca, Loreto y Piura sobre la disponibilidad, el propósito, el rol, los criterios de calidad, el alineamiento al currículo nacional y la adecuación a las […]
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Trayectorias educativas: seguimiento a jóvenes peruanos en pandemia
2022 Vanessa Rojas, Gina Crivello, Adriana Alván
Este documento explora las trayectorias educativas seguidas, durante la pandemia -2020 y 2021-, por jóvenes integrantes del estudio cualitativo Niños del Milenio. La investigación muestra sus percepciones acerca de los retos que enfrentaron respecto a la educación virtual de emergencia, así como a la continuidad de sus estudios superiores o el acceso a estos en […]
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Gendered trajectories through education, work and parenthood in Peru
2016
This paper explores young people’s inter-related transitions and pathways through schooling, work and parenthood, with a special focus on the way gender affects trajectories into adulthood among a sample of young people growing up in poverty. The authors report on the outcomes and trajectories of those members of the Older Cohort who participated in Young […]
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El efecto del Acompañamiento Pedagógico sobre los rendimientos de los estudiantes de escuelas públicas rurales del Perú
2016
El principal objetivo de este estudio es evaluar el efecto sobre el rendimiento escolar del programa de capacitación laboral durante el servicio denominado Acompañamiento Pedagógico (AP, en adelante). Este programa, creado en el año 2008, fue uno de los pilares del Programa de Educación Logros de Aprendizaje (PELA). El PELA representa uno de los esfuerzos […]
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Early childhood development: wealth, the nurturing environment and inequality first results from the PRIDI database
2016
This paper presents findings from the Regional Project on Child Development Indicators, PRIDI for its acronym in Spanish. PRIDI created a new tool, the Engle Scale, for evaluating development in children aged 24 to 59 months in four domains: cognition, language and communication, socio-emotional and motor skills. It also captures and identifies factors associated with […]
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Accessing higher education in developing countries: panel data analysis from India, Peru, and Vietnam
2016Alan Sanchez,
We use unique individual-level panel data from India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru, and Vietnam on a cohort of individuals surveyed from the age of 8 years to 19 years to study factors affecting enrolment in higher-education in these middle-income countries. We document (a) that similar to nationally representative data, the proportion having accessed higher-education at this […]
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Impacto de Educación Inicial Sobre Desempeño Académico
2016
El Ministerio de Educación del Perú (MINEDU) lleva implementando en los últimos 5 años una ambiciosa campaña de expansión de la educación inicial, con el propósito de cerrar brechas en acceso a educación temprana. El objetivo de incrementar el acceso a educación inicial es mejorar la preparación de los estudiantes al ingresar a primaria a […]
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JournalAmerican Economic Journal: Applied Economics
One Laptop per Child at Home: Short-Term Impacts from a Randomized Experiment in Peru
, Julián Cristiá, Santiago Cueto, , ,
This paper presents results from a randomized controlled trial whereby approximately 1,000 OLPC XO laptops were provided for home use to children attending primary schools in Lima, Peru. The intervention increased access and use of home computers, with some substitution away from computer use outside the home. Children randomized to receive laptops scored about 0.8 […]
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JournalInternational Journal of Educational Development
Inequality in school resources and academic achievement: Evidence from Peru
2015Gianmarco León, Martin Valdivia,
This paper goes further in the discussion on the determinants of school attainment in developing countries. To properly estimate the effects of school resources on academic achievement, we need to take into account the large geographical inequalities in the distribution of school resources and the supply constraints faced by students living in poor areas. We […]
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JournalRevista Peruana de Investigación Educativa
Factores de eficacia escolar en el uso de laptops del programa OLPC
2011Santiago Cueto, Alan Sanchez,
This paper analyzes which variables related with the provision of XO laptops from the One Laptop per Child (OLPC) program are linked with higher achievement in reading comprehension, math achievement, cognitive skills, and abilities to use the laptops. We used the data collected for the impact evaluation of the OLPC program in Peru in 2010 […]
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JournalAmerican Behavorial Scientist
The changing governance of education: a comparative political economy perspective on hybridity
2014Maria Balarin,
This paper explores the changing governance of education in two distinct contexts: England and Peru. While there are major differences between these two cases, the paper argues that a common agenda can be identified where an increasing degree of organizational hybridity is patent—where the traditionally distinct goals and rationales of public and private sectors are […]
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JournalOxford Review of Education
The relationship between socioeconomic status at age one, opportunities to learn and achievement in mathematics in fourth grade in Peru
2014Santiago Cueto, Gabriela Guerrero, Juan Leon,
Using Young Lives longitudinal data from Peru, this paper explores the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) measured at the age of one, opportunities to learn (OTL) and achievement in mathematics ten years later. Four variables of OTL were measured: hours of class per year, curriculum coverage, quality of teachers’ feedback, and level of cognitive demand. […]
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Educación: avanzando de sobresalto en sobresalto y sin norte claro
Pobreza, desigualdad y desarrollo en el Perú: OXFAM Informe anual 2006-2007 -
Asistencia y deserción en colegios secundarios rurales
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Lorena Alcazar,
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Prácticas docentes en colegios secundarios rurales
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales -
Perfil del director y del docente del colegio secundario rural
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Miguel Jaramillo,
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El colegio: características, recursos y el entorno de la comunidad
Estudio sobre la oferta y demanda de educación secundaria en zonas rurales2007Miguel Jaramillo,
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Las Familias y el Financiamiento de la Educación Pública en el Perú
2001,
Las Familias y el Financiamiento de la Educación Pública en el Perú.
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Los Programas de Desayunos Escolares / El “benchmark” o análisis comparativo internacional
2001Santiago Cueto, ,
Los Programas de Desayunos Escolares / El "benchmark" o análisis comparativo internacional.
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Educación, procesos pedagógicos y equidad: cuatro informes de investigación
2004Martín Benavides,
Los artículos que forman parte de este libro tienen como preocupación común el investigar la manera cómo los procesos educativos en el Perú se relacionan con distintas formas de desigualdad.
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¿Es posible mejorar la educación peruana?: evidencias y posibilidades
2004Patricia McLauchlan de Arregui, Martín Benavides, Santiago Cueto,
Cinco estudios acerca de diversos aspectos de la educación peruana, que han sido realizados sobre la base de investigaciones y evidencias empíricas para contribuir al diseño de políticas públicas.
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Las pérdidas en el camino, fugas en el gasto público: transferencias municipales, vaso de leche y sector educación
2003Lorena Alcazar,
When one looks at the deplorable social indicators in our country, the first question that comes to mind is whether this is because the state spends too little on essentials such as education, health and nutrition, or whether it is because these services and programmes are so inefficient. Are we spending too little or spending […]
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Participación comunitaria en el monitoreo de las actividades mineras: los casos de Vicos y de San Mateo de Huanchor
2002Juana Kuramoto,
Este libro resume las actividades y conclusiones a las que se llegaron en la investigación "Participación Comunitaria en el Monitoreo de Actividades Mineras: Los Casos de Vicos y de San Mateo de Huanchor".
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Una mirada a la educación en el Perú: balance de 20 años del Proyecto Principal de la UNESCO para América Latina y el Caribe 1979-1999
2001Patricia McLauchlan de Arregui,
Balance evolutivo de los programas educativos peruanos que, en las dos décadas pasadas, apuntaron hacia los objetivos del Proyecto Principal de la UNESCO para esta región, insumo para la evaluación global del PPE.
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Education and Learning en la categoría Mimeo
Projects
- Technical support for a benchmarking Project of the national educational evaluation systems.May 2010 - May 2011
- Design of a differentiated graduation strategy for beneficiary homes of the Juntos ProgramMay 2010 - July 2010
- Development of instruments for measurement of child development in Latin America (PRIDI)March 2010 - December 2012
- Transmissions in education and non-skilled labor. Is there an inter-generation trap?January 2010 - July 2010
- Working Group on Standards and Assessment (Fase VII)September 2009 - February 2011
- Impact evaluation of OLPC program in PeruJuly 2009 - March 2010
- Peruvian education progress reportJune 2009
- Study case for 2010 UNESCO Education for All reportMarch 2009 - April 2009
- Study on pedagogical practices at pre-school in urban and rural areasNovember 2008 - July 2009
- Explaining the educational effect and the risk demography: comparing school-attending and non-attending population in behaviors and decision makingOctober 2008 - September 2011
News
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GRADE frente al COVID-19, Media GRADE, Opinion Article
Santiago Cueto in El Peruano: “Today, more than ever, early childhood is in the hands of families”
May 14, 2020 Education and learning
“Today, more than ever, those first years of life are in the hands of families. Although families cannot assume health-related interventions, they can take on some educational aspects. We do not need to be initial education teachers to think and give time so that our girls and boys get involved in different activities related to […]
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La República recoge opinión de Hugo Ñopo sobre el mito de que la educación privada
April 24, 2020 Education and learning
“Already the senior researcher at GRADE, Hugo Ñopo, has been explaining that, in Peru, the myth that private education exceeds public education is not always the case. For example, he explained that in the poor districts of Lima, the Public schools have better quality than private schools, both in infrastructure and in teaching staff and […]
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GRADE frente al COVID-19, Media GRADE, Interview
“The public school could be important again for the formation of democratic and healthy citizenships”, by Verónica Villarán via La Mula
April 23, 2020 Education and learning
“The economic crisis could generate migration from the private to the public school, which will be available. The public school could once again be of importance for the formation of democratic and healthy citizenships, so that we can all meet again in the public school. That would be an advantage, a gain in the midst […]
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Media GRADE, Opinion Article, GRADE frente al COVID-19
The other victims: Covid-19 expone la desigualdad, por Lorena Alcázar vía Ojo Público
April 21, 2020 Education and learning, Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Poverty and equality
More than a month after the quarantine started, the situation is uncertain and worrying for thousands of families. The impact of measures to tackle the pandemic is not the same for everyone. Women have a greater presence in the sectors hardest hit by the crisis: commerce (26% versus 13% of men) and services (44% versus […]
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Institutional News, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Miguel Jaramillo joined the fourth CADEx “New work framework in health emergency”
April 21, 2020 Education and learning
IPAE held the fourth CADEx “A new labor framework on the sidelines of a health emergency”. Our senior researcher, Miguel Jaramillo, was a panelist together with Juan Carlos Requejo, vice-Minister of Labor at the Ministry of Labor and Employment Promotion, and Diego Macera, general general at the Peruvian Institute of Economics (IPE).
Events
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Juan León was a panelist at the 4th Latin American Congress on Educational Measurement and Evaluation
21/10/2021 4:05 pm - 5:20 pm Web de COLMEE 2021 Education and learning
Juan León was a panelist on the second day of the IV Latin American Congress of Educational Measurement and Evaluation COLMEE 2021. As part of the session on parental involvement, expectations and practices associated with development and learning, our main researcher shared the study “The effect of practices parents in the child development of girls […]
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GRADE and the Bernard van Leer Foundation organize the presentation of the study “Approaching Early Childhood in Peru”
21/10/2021 10:00 am Zoom y Facebook de GRADE Education and learning
GRADE and the Bernard van Leer Foundation organize the virtual presentation of the study “Approaching Early Childhood in Peru: Investment and initiatives in the last 40 years”. SPEAKERS Beatriz Oré, Director of the Early Childhood Program at the Alto Peru Project. Ariela Luna, former Minister of Development and Social Inclusion. HIGHLIGHTS Cecilia Vaca Jones, Executive Director of […]
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Martín Benavides y Jéssica Tapia participaron en el IX Seminario de Análisis y Perspectivas de la Educación en el Perú 2021
20/10/2021 3:00 pm - 6:10 pm YouTube de la Facultad de Educación PUCP Education and learning
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
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Martín Benavides discussed the progress and challenges of going back to school at a PUCP event
07/10/2021 12:00 pm - 1:45 pm Facebook de la Facultad de Ciencias Sociales de la PUCP Education and learning
Our Senior Researcher Martín Benavides was a panelist at the discussion Going back to school in Peru, analysis and challenges, held by the School of Social Sciences and the School of Education at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (PUCP). Martín joined the virtual evento together with Regina Moromizato (PUCP) and Elena Vizurraga (The British International […]
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GRADE and Sodis will launch the research ‘The education of children with disabilities in Peru during the COVID-19 pandemic’
05/10/2021 6:00 pm - 8:00 pm Zoom del Sodis Education and learning
How has the offer of inclusive public education services at the EBE and EBR primary level changed in the context of the pandemic? What has been the impact on the right to education of students with disabilities? GRADE and Sociedad y Discapacidad (Sodis) organize the launch the research paper: “The education of children with disabilities […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






