Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Vanessa Rojas Arangoitia
PhD en - Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona
Vanessa holds a PhD in Sociology from Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona. She has a degree in Anthropology and a Master’s degree in Political Science from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Her work has focused on the anthropology of education and childhood, addressing issues of educational transitions, child welfare, educational quality and power relations. During 2012, she […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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Bienestar subjetivo y covid-19 en jóvenes rurales y urbanos del Perú
2024 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván León,
Since 2007, the Young Lives in Peru study has been collecting the voices of children – today youth or young adults – regarding their perceptions of well-being throughout the life cycle. In recent years, and as a consequence of the pandemic, youth – in both rural and urban areas – have faced extraordinary challenges in […]
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Bienestar subjetivo y covid-19 en jóvenes rurales y urbanos del Perú: aproximación cualitativa a las experiencias de Niños del Milenio
2024 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván León
The covid-19 pandemic has had a multidimensional impact on the well-being of the youth population in general, and has been most severe in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using longitudinal and qualitative data from the Young Lives study, the authors analyze how a group of young people from four different regions of Peru -who grew […]
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¿A costa de qué?: el estado de emergencia en el Callao y su impacto de corto y largo plazo sobre la seguridad ciudadana, la violencia familiar y el bienestar social
2024 Wilson Hernández, Ángelo Cozzubo, Andrea Román
In Peru, the declaration of a state of emergency (EE) has become a common and widely requested public policy measure to address the crime problem. Recently, the government declared the EE in several districts, including San Juan de Lurigancho and San Martin de Porres in Lima, and Sullana in Piura (DS 105-2023-PCM) (El Comercio, 25/9/2023), […]
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Redes sociales y ciberviolencia en las relaciones sexoafectivas entre adolescentes
2024 Katherine Sarmiento
The study on which this paper is based examines the role of social networks in the experiences of cyber-violence in sex-affective relationships among adolescents in an educational institution in San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima, Peru). The findings suggest that certain characteristics of these platforms favor the continuity of gender-based violence in digital environments. Adolescent discourses […]
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Pantallazo a la violencia de género: Redes sociales y ciberviolencia en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes
2024 Katherine Sarmiento
This document presents the main findings and policy recommendations of the study “Screenshot to gender-based violence: Social networks and cyber-violence in sex-affective relationships among adolescents”. The research was the winner of the Research Contest “Prevention of Gender Violence in Peru”, co-organized by the Consortium for Economic and Social Research (CIES) and the Gender Studies Research Group of […]
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The Persistent Gender Earnings Gap in Colombia, 1994-2006
2010
The authors surveys gender wage gaps in Colombia from 1994 to 2006, using matchingcomparisons to examine the extent to which individuals with similar human capitalcharacteristics earn different wages. Three sub-periods are considered: 1994-1998; 2000-2001; and 2002- 2006. The gaps dropped from the first to the second period but remained almost unchanged between the second and […]
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Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaica
2010,
The authors analyzes gender earnings gaps in Barbados and Jamaica, using a matching comparisons approach. In both countries, as in most of the Caribbean region, females’ educational achievement is higher than that of males. Nonetheless, males’ earnings surpass those of their female peers. Depending on the set of control characteristics, males’ earnings surpass those of […]
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Young Lives qualitative research: Round 1 – Peru
2009
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
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Childhood, transitions and well-being in Peru: A literature review
2009
This brief report provides a broad context for the Young Lives research being done in Peru by reviewing the academic literature, research findings, statistics and official documents available. It was carried out by the Young Lives qualitative researchers, and thus privileges the main areas to be explored by qualitative research in its first two rounds […]
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Gender Wage Gaps in Central American Countries: Evidence from a Non-Parametric Approach
2009,
The authors compares gender wage gaps for Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s using the non-parametric matching methodology introduced by Ñopo (2008), which allows an analysis not only of average gaps but also their distributions. While a simple comparison of average wages would suggest small or even negative […]
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JournalUniversitas: Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política
Opinión pública, agenda, democracia y derechos humanos: apuntes para el estudio de una relación imperfecta
2008
This article explores the relationship between the media, democracy, currents of opinion and the establishment of a public agenda. We will discuss the dilemmas in the interrelation of these fields in light of the precarious presence of the human rights agenda in the mass media, especially television, and its necessary contribution to a democratic debate […]
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JournalEconomic Development and Cultural Change
Ethnicity and Earnings in a Mixed-Race Labor Market
2007, Maximo Torero,
The study examines the relationship between earnings and racial differences in a context in which various races have coexisted and mixed during several centuries, as is true in many parts of the postcolonial world and specifically urban Peru. Coarse indicators of racial differences do not suffice in capturing this relationship; therefore, the authors introduce a score-based […]
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JournalAfrican Development Review
Selection and Reporting Bias in Household Surveys of Child Labor: Evidence from Tanzania
2007,
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JournalThe IUP Journal of Applied Economics
Working Within Confines: Occupational Segregation By Sex For Three Latin American Countries
2005,
The paper assesses the evolution of occupational segregation by sex using comparable data sets for Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay over the 1989-1997 period. The authors estimate segregation indices using two-digit occupational categories for the entire employed labor force and also for sub-samples with different levels of educational attainment. Using a re-sampling technique, the authors estimate […]
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The Gender Wage Gap in Peru 1986-2000: Evidence from a Matching Comparisons Approach
2004,
Applying the methodology developed in Ñopo (2004), the author analyze the evolution of the gender wage gap in Peru from 1986 to 2000. The advantage of such methodology is two-fold. First, it recognizes that the supports of observable characteristics distributions differ substantially. Second, it provides deeper insights regarding the distribution of the unexplained gender differences […]
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Chapter in Book
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Los caminos de la desigualdad en la escuela peruana / Población indígena y exclusión social en el Perú
2003Martín Benavides, Nestor Valdivia,
Los caminos de la desigualdad en la escuela peruana / Población indígena y exclusión social en el Perú.
No se han encontrado publicaciones de Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship en la categoría Book
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Projects
News
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When the “good” neighborhoods ruin the “bad” ones, by Wilson Hernández
October 20, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“When an adolescent lives in a vulnerable neighborhood, his propensity to commit a crime is greater when there are people with less vulnerability in the surroundings neighborhoods. But, according to the aforementioned study, this is not the case when the surroundings neighborhoods are also vulnerable”. Our adjunct researcher Wilson Hernández highlighted the findings of a […]
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Teenage childbearing as inequality, by Wilson Hernández
October 15, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Teenage mothers are concentrated in certain areas of Lima. Not only that. In addition, living in a neighborhood where there is a pregnant adolescent increases the probability of becoming such. This would be a kind of ‘social contagion’ in an environment that also normalizes motherhood when it is not very high in the neighborhood. ” […]
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“Such things don’t happen to a young lady”, by Wilson Hernández
October 7, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Machismo is a headless monster. It is everywhere and nowhere. School and family are pointed out as spaces to change the way we conceive women and men. But what roles should the media play? of communication before comments to their news that blame the victims of the aggressions they suffer? “. In his new op-ed for […]
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Media GRADE, Reference, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Lorena Alcázar joined a CIES-UNDP dialogue on the transformative role of young people in the pandemic. Note from La Mula
September 30, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“A dropout shock in education is going to be an important determinant that in the future young people have a higher probability of having a precarious job.” Lorena Alcázar was one of the panelists of the virtual dialogue held by the Consortium for Economic and Social Research and the United Nations Development Program Peru on youth and […]
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As economy, crime reboots, by Wilson Hernández
September 15, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Just as many sellers now seek to recover what was lost by changing their line of business or charging a premium, criminals act under a similar logic of reactivation that I summarize into three dimensions: recover what was lost (commit crimes more frequently), diversify their criminal activities (and not only theft of cell phones, but wallets, […]
Events
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Vanessa Rojas will be speaker at a MIMP dialogue on violence-free parenting practices for healthy family functioning
20/05/2021 9:00 am Zoom del MIMP Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Vanessa Rojas, associated researcher at GRADE, will share the study “Experiences of violence throughout the life cycle. Evidence from the longitudinal study Young Lives Peru”, as part of a Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations (MIMP) dialogue on violence-free parenting practices for healthy family functioning. The aim of the event is to sensitize both women and men regarding […]
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Wilson Hernández and Walter Noel will share their studies on criminality and citizen insecurity at a CIES meeting
20/05/2021 10:00 am Facebook CIES Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our adjunct researcher, Wilson Hernández, will share his study (together with Lucía Dammert and Lilian Kanashiro from the University of Lima) “The perception of citizen insecurity: determinants and narratives”, as part of the Thursday of Researchers of the Consortium for the Economic and Social Research (CIES). Walter Noel, assistant researcher at GRADE, will share his study […]
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GRADE’s researchers will give methodological workshops, attend conferences and share papers at the VII National Seminar of the SIEP
18/05/2021 → 21/05/2021 Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Methodologies for research and evaluation of policy and programmes, Poverty and equality, State reform and public institutions
Diversos investigadores de Grade del área de investigación Educación y aprendizajes dictarán talleres metodológicos, participarán de conferencias y presentarán ponencias en el VII Seminario Nacional de Investigación Educativa «Causas y desafíos de la segregación educativa: implicancias para la calidad, la equidad y la construcción de ciudadanía», organizado por la Sociedad de Investigación Educativa Peruana (SIEP), el 18, 19, 20 y 21 de mayo, por primera […]
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Wilson Hernández in TEDxTukuyWomen20: “We tend to simplify a big issue like gender violence”
18/12/2020 Facebook TED Tukuy Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“We tend to simplify a big issue like gender violence. We take quick guesses, and we use common sense that is full of stereotypes that we do not always know or can question. With this, we create myths such as that violence against women is concentrated in those with low resources or that it is easy […]
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GRADE’s researchers at the 31st CIES Annual Research Seminar 2020
15/12/2020 → 17/12/2020 Zoom CIES Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Del 15 al 17 de diciembre, se llevará a cabo el XXXI Seminario Anual de Investigación 2020 del Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES), cuyo tema será “Perú 2021-2026: retos y oportunidades en el nuevo contexto mundial”. Como cada año, varios de nuestros investigadores e investigadoras participarán como expositores, comentaristas y conductores de las […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






