Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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Una mirada crítica a las políticas públicas en materia de violencia de género contra las mujeres
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022 Wilson Hernández
This essay critically analyzes public policies focused on intimate partner and intimate partner violence against women. The central argument is that the policies have privileged a top-down approach and in doing so have homogenized the target groups, relied on general statistics to describe them, and neglected the subnational context in charge of implementing such policies.
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Trayectorias educativas a lo largo del ciclo de vida: El rol de la pobreza, el área de residencia y las brechas de género
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022 Alan Sanchez
The paper documents the evolution of educational gaps throughout the life cycle, analyzes the links between poverty and gender gaps, and attempts to identify the factors that mediate this relationship in order to propose policy recommendations for children, adolescents and youth.
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El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar
2022 Maria Balarin, Santiago Cueto, Ricardo Fort
The essays that make up this book have been written to commemorate the first 40 years of GRADE’s institutional life, which coincides not only with the Bicentennial of Peru’s Independence, but also with the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its profound economic, social and political consequences. From different conceptual and methodological perspectives, […]
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El impacto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 sobre la violencia familiar: diferenciando víctimas, tipos de violencia y niveles de riesgo en el Perú
2022 Wilson Hernández, Angelo Cozzubo, José Carlos Aguilar, Denise Ledgard, Jorge Aguero
Las medidas para mitigar los contagios por COVID-19 generaron condiciones para una mayor violencia familiar (confinamiento forzado, restricciones de movilidad, estrés económico, etc.). Tal fue el caso del Perú. Esta investigación evalúa el impacto de estas condiciones sobre la violencia familiar en el Perú durante las primeras 14 semanas de cuarenta. Empleamos los registros administrativos […]
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JournalEconomic Development and Cultural Change
(Un)Conditional love in the time of conditional cash transfers: the effect of the Peruvian JUNTOS program on spousal abuse
2022 Juan Jose Diaz, Víctor Saldarriaga
Cash transfer programs often target women as the recipient of the money. Unintentionally, this flow of unearned income may reduce spousal abuse. We investigate this possibility by assessing the Peruvian JUNTOS program. We exploit the staggered timing in the rollout of the program across municipalities along with its eligibility rule for determining participation to perform […]
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Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaica
2010,
The authors analyzes gender earnings gaps in Barbados and Jamaica, using a matching comparisons approach. In both countries, as in most of the Caribbean region, females’ educational achievement is higher than that of males. Nonetheless, males’ earnings surpass those of their female peers. Depending on the set of control characteristics, males’ earnings surpass those of […]
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Young Lives qualitative research: Round 1 – Peru
2009
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
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Childhood, transitions and well-being in Peru: A literature review
2009
This brief report provides a broad context for the Young Lives research being done in Peru by reviewing the academic literature, research findings, statistics and official documents available. It was carried out by the Young Lives qualitative researchers, and thus privileges the main areas to be explored by qualitative research in its first two rounds […]
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Gender Wage Gaps in Central American Countries: Evidence from a Non-Parametric Approach
2009,
The authors compares gender wage gaps for Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua and El Salvador from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s using the non-parametric matching methodology introduced by Ñopo (2008), which allows an analysis not only of average gaps but also their distributions. While a simple comparison of average wages would suggest small or even negative […]
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New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Latin America
2009,
The paper surveys gender and ethnic wage gaps in 18 Latin American countries, decomposing differences using matching comparisons as a non-parametric alternative to the Blinder-Oaxaca (BO) decomposition. It is found that men earn 9-27 percent more than women, with high cross-country heterogeneity. The unexplained pay gap is higher among older, informal and self-employed workers and […]
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JournalEconomic Development and Cultural Change
Ethnicity and Earnings in a Mixed-Race Labor Market
2007, Maximo Torero,
The study examines the relationship between earnings and racial differences in a context in which various races have coexisted and mixed during several centuries, as is true in many parts of the postcolonial world and specifically urban Peru. Coarse indicators of racial differences do not suffice in capturing this relationship; therefore, the authors introduce a score-based […]
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JournalAfrican Development Review
Selection and Reporting Bias in Household Surveys of Child Labor: Evidence from Tanzania
2007,
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JournalThe IUP Journal of Applied Economics
Working Within Confines: Occupational Segregation By Sex For Three Latin American Countries
2005,
The paper assesses the evolution of occupational segregation by sex using comparable data sets for Costa Rica, Ecuador and Uruguay over the 1989-1997 period. The authors estimate segregation indices using two-digit occupational categories for the entire employed labor force and also for sub-samples with different levels of educational attainment. Using a re-sampling technique, the authors estimate […]
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The Gender Wage Gap in Peru 1986-2000: Evidence from a Matching Comparisons Approach
2004,
Applying the methodology developed in Ñopo (2004), the author analyze the evolution of the gender wage gap in Peru from 1986 to 2000. The advantage of such methodology is two-fold. First, it recognizes that the supports of observable characteristics distributions differ substantially. Second, it provides deeper insights regarding the distribution of the unexplained gender differences […]
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Projects
News
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When the “good” neighborhoods ruin the “bad” ones, by Wilson Hernández
October 20, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“When an adolescent lives in a vulnerable neighborhood, his propensity to commit a crime is greater when there are people with less vulnerability in the surroundings neighborhoods. But, according to the aforementioned study, this is not the case when the surroundings neighborhoods are also vulnerable”. Our adjunct researcher Wilson Hernández highlighted the findings of a […]
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Teenage childbearing as inequality, by Wilson Hernández
October 15, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Teenage mothers are concentrated in certain areas of Lima. Not only that. In addition, living in a neighborhood where there is a pregnant adolescent increases the probability of becoming such. This would be a kind of ‘social contagion’ in an environment that also normalizes motherhood when it is not very high in the neighborhood. ” […]
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“Such things don’t happen to a young lady”, by Wilson Hernández
October 7, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Machismo is a headless monster. It is everywhere and nowhere. School and family are pointed out as spaces to change the way we conceive women and men. But what roles should the media play? of communication before comments to their news that blame the victims of the aggressions they suffer? “. In his new op-ed for […]
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Media GRADE, Reference, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Lorena Alcázar joined a CIES-UNDP dialogue on the transformative role of young people in the pandemic. Note from La Mula
September 30, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“A dropout shock in education is going to be an important determinant that in the future young people have a higher probability of having a precarious job.” Lorena Alcázar was one of the panelists of the virtual dialogue held by the Consortium for Economic and Social Research and the United Nations Development Program Peru on youth and […]
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As economy, crime reboots, by Wilson Hernández
September 15, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Just as many sellers now seek to recover what was lost by changing their line of business or charging a premium, criminals act under a similar logic of reactivation that I summarize into three dimensions: recover what was lost (commit crimes more frequently), diversify their criminal activities (and not only theft of cell phones, but wallets, […]
Events
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Santiago Cueto will be a speaker at CONADIS 1st National Research Meeting on Disability
04/12/2020 5:40 pm Facebook CONADIS Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Santiago Cueto will be one of the speakers at the 1st National Research Meeting on Disability, organized by the National Council for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS). Our executive director and senior researcher will present “Coverage, opportunities, factors associated with access and perceptions about special education and educational inclusion in Peru”. LIVE BROADCAST Join the […]
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Hugo Ñopo will be a panelist in the virtual launch of the IADB Gender and Diversity Knowledge Initiative
05/11/2020 1:00 pm (hora Perú) Evento virtual Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our senior researcher, Hugo Ñopo, will be one of the panelists at the virtual launch event of the Gender and Diversity Knowledge Initiative (GDLab) of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). The GDLab produces cutting-edge applied research for the design of public policies in order to reduce inequalities of opportunity and economic development of vulnerable populations […]
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Hugo Ñopo discussed women’s rights at the International Bar Association global virtual event
02/11/2020 11:00 am Evento virtual Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Women’s rights have indeed advanced in the last decades. Just as an example, in many jurisdictions women can now vote and own and dispose of their own patrimony. But has all this legal advancement, when such has been the case, really impacted women’s advancement? Have all these printed rights really changed the reality of women? […]
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Lorena Alcázar will be a panelist at an Equilibrium CenDE event on Venezuelan migration and basic education
15/10/2020 6:00 pm Evento virtual Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our senior researcher Lorena Alcázar will be one of the panelists who will discuss Venezuelan migration and access to basic education. The discussion will be based on two research cases, in Bogotá and Lima, which were winners of the 1st Financing Program for Migration Research at Equilibrium Center for Economic Development. PANELISTS Lorena Alcázar, senior researcher at […]
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GRADE celebrates 40 years of foundation on the sidelines of Peru’s bicentennial
01/06/2020 → 30/06/2021 Urbanization and sustainable cities, Education and learning, Employment, productivity and innovation, Rural development and agriculture, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Methodologies for research and evaluation of policy and programmes, Poverty and equality, Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict, State reform and public institutions, Health and nutrition
When GRADE turned 35 in 2015, we researchers produced a set of research reports on key issues for the country’s development. These works, gathered in the book Research for development in Peru, sought to satisfy the demand for knowledge aimed at fostering a more informed debate on public policy in Peru. In the foreword of the publication, Javier […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






