Outes-León, Ingo; Alan Sánchez y Renos Vakis (2020). The power of believing you can get smarter: the Impact of a growth-mindset intervention on academic achievement in Peru. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 9141. Washington, DC: World Bank.

This paper evaluates the academic impact of a growth-mindset intervention on students starting the secondary level
in public schools in urban Peru. ¡Expande tu Mente! is a 90-minute school session aimed at instilling the notion
that a person´s own intelligence is malleable. Students in schools randomly assigned to treatment showed a small
improvement in math test scores and educational expectations, with a large and sustained impact in test scores among students outside the capital city. At a cost of $0.20 per pupil, ¡Expande tu Mente! was highly cost-effective. The results show the potential that brief growth-mindset interventions have for developing countries