Escobal, J. y Torero, M. (2003). Adverse geography and differences in welfare in Peru. Helsinki: UNU y WIDER. Discussion paper, 2003/73.

In Peru, a country with an astonishing variety of different ecological areas, with 84 different climate zones and landscapes, with rainforests, high mountain ranges and dry deserts, the geographical context may not be all that matters, but it could be very significant in explaining regional variations in income and poverty. The major question this paper tries to answer is: what role do geographic variables, both natural and man-made, play in explaining per capita expenditure differentials across regions within Peru?