Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) where she has a broad portfolio of both applied and academic research. Her applied work focuses on the analysis and qualitative evaluation of educational and social policies, with a special focus on processes of policy implementation. Her academic work has mostly focused […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Interns
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Andrea Ulloa del Castillo
Graduated en -
Andrea has completed her studies in Economics at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. At GRADE, she works as a Research Intern in the “Balancing work and care: towards a better understanding of gender norms in Peru”.
Publications
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Panorama de los programas de visitas domiciliarias en América Latina y el Caribe
2024 Gabriela Guerrero, Marcela Ponce de León
The Inter-American Dialogue and UNICEF present this study as a contribution to strengthening the early childhood care and development agenda in the region. Through a cross-sectional analysis and comparison of the design and implementation of home visiting programmes in ten countries in the region, the study seeks to provide a characterisation of these programmes, highlighting […]
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The effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the subjective well-being of rural and urban young people in Peru
2024 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván León
This report is a summary of a longer report published in Spanish and available on the Niños del Milenio website here. Niños del Milenio/Young Lives has followed children through to young adulthood in Peru, including understanding how their perceptions of their well-being have changed over time. Using qualitative data from 2 birth cohorts, aged 21- 22 […]
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Bienestar subjetivo y covid-19 en jóvenes rurales y urbanos del Perú
2024 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván León,
Since 2007, the Young Lives in Peru study has been collecting the voices of children – today youth or young adults – regarding their perceptions of well-being throughout the life cycle. In recent years, and as a consequence of the pandemic, youth – in both rural and urban areas – have faced extraordinary challenges in […]
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Bienestar subjetivo y covid-19 en jóvenes rurales y urbanos del Perú: aproximación cualitativa a las experiencias de Niños del Milenio
2024 Vanessa Rojas, Adriana Alván León
The covid-19 pandemic has had a multidimensional impact on the well-being of the youth population in general, and has been most severe in Latin America and the Caribbean. Using longitudinal and qualitative data from the Young Lives study, the authors analyze how a group of young people from four different regions of Peru -who grew […]
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¿A costa de qué?: el estado de emergencia en el Callao y su impacto de corto y largo plazo sobre la seguridad ciudadana, la violencia familiar y el bienestar social
2024 Wilson Hernández, Ángelo Cozzubo, Andrea Román
In Peru, the declaration of a state of emergency (EE) has become a common and widely requested public policy measure to address the crime problem. Recently, the government declared the EE in several districts, including San Juan de Lurigancho and San Martin de Porres in Lima, and Sullana in Piura (DS 105-2023-PCM) (El Comercio, 25/9/2023), […]
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The effects of the covid-19 pandemic on the subjective well-being of rural and urban young people in Peru
2024
This report is a summary of a longer report published in Spanish and available on the Niños del Milenio website here. Niños del Milenio/Young Lives has followed children through to young adulthood in Peru, including understanding how their perceptions of their well-being have changed over time. Using qualitative data from 2 birth cohorts, aged 21- 22 […]
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Unveiling barriers to women’s access to decent work in Peru.
2024
Peru suffers from a serious gender inequality problem in the labor market that cannot be understood by considering employment rates alone. Rather, it is also necessary to analyze the conditions under which women participate in the labor market. This study seeks to identify economic, legal, and socio-cultural barriers that women face in accessing decent employment. […]
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Edutainment, savings, and generational differences in rural areas of Peru
2023
We wrote, produced, and implemented a randomized five-episode soap opera on financial inclusion targeted to women from poor, rural areas ravaged by terrorism in Peru. We go beyond measuring attitudes and perceptions but observe actual savings accounts using bank data. Older women, those who directly suffered from terrorist violence, respond very well and save more […]
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Soap operas and pro-savings attitudes in poor rural areas of Peru.
2023
We wrote, produced, and implemented a randomized intervention of a five-episode soap opera focusing on attitudes related to trust and savings. It was shown to females living in poor and violence-scarred rural areas and who received the national conditional cash transfer. We find that one year after the intervention treated females significantly improve their attitudes […]
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Edutainment, savings and dwelling-related assets in poor rural areas of Peru
We exploit a field experiment by Chong and Valdivia (2023) and test whether por women from rural areas in developing countries that are able to save seek dwellingrelated assets and find causal evidence that this is indeed the case. Furthermore, we also find that the older cohort of women, those aged forty and higher, also […]
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JournalReview of Development Economics
Violence in pandemic times: the dynamic relationship between COVID-19 and intimate partner violence
2023
Intimate partner violence (IPV) increased during the COVID-19 lockdown, but few studies use national data and explore underlying mechanisms. To address this gap, we study the changes in IPV during the first ten months of the pandemic in Peru. We study the number of calls received by the national helpline for domestic violence victims, Línea […]
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Journaleconomía&sociedad
Propuestas de reformas para la integración laboral de la población migrante venezolana en el Perú
2023
El mayor nivel de desempleo y precariedad laboral que experimentan los migrantes venezolanos, en comparación con la población local, se debe a distintas barreras que enfrentan para participar en el mercado de trabajo. Facilitar la regularización migratoria, retirar limitaciones para que micro y pequeñas empresas contraten extranjeros, expandir los servicios públicos de empleo para que […]
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JournalJournal of Health Economics
A drop of love? Rainfall shocks and spousal abuse: Evidence from rural Peru
2023
We investigate whether exposure to rainfall shocks affects the experience of physical intimate partner violence (P-IPV) among women in rural areas of the Peruvian Andes. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys over 2005–2014, we track changes in the probability that a woman experiences recent instances of P-IPV after being exposed to a rainfall […]
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JournalEconomic Development and Cultural Change
(Un)Conditional Love in the Time of Conditional Cash Transfers: The Effect of the Peruvian JUNTOS Program on Spousal Abuse
2022
Cash transfer programs often target women as the recipient of the money. Unintentionally, this flow of unearned income may reduce spousal abuse. We investigate this possibility by assessing the Peruvian JUNTOS program. We exploit the staggered timing in the rollout of the program across municipalities along with its eligibility rule for determining participation to perform […]
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JournalAnxiety and Stress
Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Adaptation and psychometric properties in Peruvian population
2021
Current context caused by COVID-19 has changed social and day-to-day life worldwide. Mental health is no exception. The objective of this study was to adapt and analyze the psychometric properties of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in a sample of Peruvian professionals.
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Desigualdades y violencia de género. Balance de investigación 2016-2021 y agenda de investigación 2021-2026.
Balance de investigación 2016-2021 y agenda de investigación 2021-20262022
A más de cuarenta años de la aprobación de la Convención para la eliminación de todas las formas de discriminación contra la mujer y del reconocimiento constitucional de la igualdad entre los sexos en el Perú, es posible dar cuenta de un conjunto de avances normativos, del desarrollo de una institucionalidad especializada que incluye los […]
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Políticas públicas e interculturalidad en el Perú: ¿cómo avanzar en la agenda de la identificación étnica desde el Estado?
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022
Valdivia’s essay offers some reflections on the progress and challenges of interculturality in Peru based on the use of the ethnic variable in the formulation of public policie
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Avances y desafíos en la prevención de la violencia contra los niños, niñas y adolescentes en el hogar: una deuda al Bicentenario
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022
This essay focuses on the analysis of violence against children and adolescents in the home, where they spend most of their time and which is not always a safe environment. The authors highlight the limited progress of policies against violence against children and adolescents in the home. They explain that this is mainly due to […]
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Una mirada crítica a las políticas públicas en materia de violencia de género contra las mujeres
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022
This essay critically analyzes public policies focused on intimate partner and intimate partner violence against women. The central argument is that the policies have privileged a top-down approach and in doing so have homogenized the target groups, relied on general statistics to describe them, and neglected the subnational context in charge of implementing such policies.
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Trayectorias educativas a lo largo del ciclo de vida: el rol de la pobreza, el área de residencia y las brechas de género
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022
The paper documents the evolution of educational gaps throughout the life cycle, analyzes the links between poverty and gender gaps, and attempts to identify the factors that mediate this relationship in order to propose policy recommendations for children, adolescents and youth.
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Bienestar subjetivo y covid-19 en jóvenes rurales y urbanos del Perú
2024
Since 2007, the Young Lives in Peru study has been collecting the voices of children – today youth or young adults – regarding their perceptions of well-being throughout the life cycle. In recent years, and as a consequence of the pandemic, youth – in both rural and urban areas – have faced extraordinary challenges in […]
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Redes sociales y ciberviolencia en las relaciones sexoafectivas entre adolescentes
2024
The study on which this paper is based examines the role of social networks in the experiences of cyber-violence in sex-affective relationships among adolescents in an educational institution in San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima, Peru). The findings suggest that certain characteristics of these platforms favor the continuity of gender-based violence in digital environments. Adolescent discourses […]
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Pantallazo a la violencia de género: Redes sociales y ciberviolencia en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes
2024
This document presents the main findings and policy recommendations of the study “Screenshot to gender-based violence: Social networks and cyber-violence in sex-affective relationships among adolescents”. The research was the winner of the Research Contest “Prevention of Gender Violence in Peru”, co-organized by the Consortium for Economic and Social Research (CIES) and the Gender Studies Research Group of […]
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Abordando los estereotipos de género y políticas públicas para facilitar el acceso a un trabajo decente en las mujeres en el Perú
2023
A pesar de años de esfuerzos promoviendo la igualdad de género y cierto progreso, la desigualdad laboral entre mujeres y hombres persiste en el Perú. En 2022, un equipo de investigadores del PEP (Partnership for Economic Policy) analizó los factores detrás de esta persistente brecha y, más específicamente, las barreras que impiden el acceso de […]
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Estrategias de cuidado infantil en familias vulnerables peruanas: Evidencia cualitativa de Niños del Milenio
2021
El análisis de las percepciones de niños y niñas, y de las diversas situaciones que enfrentan familias urbanas y rurales que participan en el estudio cualitativo longitudinal Niños del Milenio (NdM), muestra que el cuidado infantil es una actividad familiar y femenina. Además, la precariedad económica en la que viven estos niños los expone a […]
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Panorama de los programas de visitas domiciliarias en América Latina y el Caribe
2024
The Inter-American Dialogue and UNICEF present this study as a contribution to strengthening the early childhood care and development agenda in the region. Through a cross-sectional analysis and comparison of the design and implementation of home visiting programmes in ten countries in the region, the study seeks to provide a characterisation of these programmes, highlighting […]
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El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar
2022
The essays that make up this book have been written to commemorate the first 40 years of GRADE’s institutional life, which coincides not only with the Bicentennial of Peru’s Independence, but also with the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its profound economic, social and political consequences. From different conceptual and methodological perspectives, […]
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Violencias contra las Mujeres: La necesidad de un doble plural
2019
Peru is among the countries with the greatest violence against women in the world. According to official figures, seven out of ten women in our country have suffered psychological, physical and / or sexual violence from their partner at some time in their life. This proportion conceals a complex reality that needs to be revealed: […]
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Desigualdad en la academia: mujeres en las ciencias sociales peruanas
2018
El libro recoge estudios de investigadoras del Grupo Sofía en torno a las desigualdades entre mujeres y hombres en el mundo de la investigación y de la docencia universitaria en las ciencias sociales. Las autoras presentan evidencia rigurosa, hasta ahora no disponible, que muestra las disparidades entre hombres y mujeres con una trayectoria profesional en […]
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Investigación para el desarrollo en el Perú: once balances
2016
Este libro recoge los once balances de investigación presentados en la conferencia Avances Recientes en la Investigación y Políticas para el Desarrollo, organizada en el marco del 35 aniversario del Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE). Los textos de esta publicación buscan continuar satisfaciendo la demanda de conocimiento dirigida a sostener un debate más […]
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¿A costa de qué?: el estado de emergencia en el Callao y su impacto de corto y largo plazo sobre la seguridad ciudadana, la violencia familiar y el bienestar social
2024
In Peru, the declaration of a state of emergency (EE) has become a common and widely requested public policy measure to address the crime problem. Recently, the government declared the EE in several districts, including San Juan de Lurigancho and San Martin de Porres in Lima, and Sullana in Piura (DS 105-2023-PCM) (El Comercio, 25/9/2023), […]
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Pantallazo a la violencia de género: redes sociales y ciber violencia en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes
2023
Este estudio busca explicar el rol de las redes sociales en la ciberviolencia de género en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes de una institución educativa en San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima). Se realiza un estudio de caso cualitativo, utilizando un cuestionario descriptivo, grupos de discusión y entrevistas con estudiantes de cuarto de secundaria. El estudio concluye […]
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“Aló, tengo un problema”: evaluación de impacto de la Línea 100 del Ministerio de la Mujer y Poblaciones Vulnerables
2021
El objetivo central de esta propuesta es evaluar el impacto de la Línea 100 del MIMP y un combo de dos mejoras dirigidas a atender dos debilidades centrales de la Línea 100: (1) un nuevo protocolo de atención de llamadas y (2) un programa de tratamiento del estrés laboral para las operadoras (burnout y estrés […]
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¿Reinserción y permanencia en el mercado laboral con equidad de género?: el Servicio Cuidado Diurno en madres jóvenes
2021
Durante las últimas dos décadas, las mujeres peruanas han ganado derechos en diferentes ámbitos de la vida social, política y económica (Benavente y Valdés, 2014; Sara-lafosse, 2009). La inserción de la fuerza laboral femenina representa para ellas un logro en su autonomía económica (Irigaray, 1992; Lupica, 2015). Aquellas que son madres, sin embargo, enfrentan penalizaciones […]
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A Drop of Love? Rainfall Shocks and Spousal Abuse: Evidence from Rural Peru
2020
The authors investigate whether the exposure to rainfall shocks affects the experience of physical intimate partner violence by women in rural areas of the Peruvian Andes. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys over the period 2005-2014, they track changes in women’s experience of physical IPV following the exposure to rainfall shocks during the […]
Projects
- Comprehensive care systems and fair jobs in Latin America and the CaribbeanJuly 2024
- Comprehensive care systems and fair jobs in Latin America and the CaribbeanJuly 2024
- Measuring gender social normsApril 2024
- Measuring gender social normsDecember 2023
- At the cost of what: The State of Emergency in Callao and its short and long term impact on citizen security, family violence and social well-being?December 2023
- Gender gaps and informality in the management of SMEs in PeruMarch 2023
- Brechas de género en la población inmigrante venezolana: 2018-2December 2022
- Development of the theory of change and impact evaluation design of the school violence prevention model.October 2022
- Partnerships for Change in the Care EconomyOctober 2022
- Survey on educational policy decisions of senior officials in the framework of the CGD international projectJune 2022
News
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25N: Some recent titles that address the issue of violence against women
November 25, 2024 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
In Peru, a little more than half of women (53.8%) were victims of psychological, physical or sexual violence by their partner at some time, according to the DHS 2023. Despite progress, the evidence to address this problem is still insufficient in our country. Several studies by our researchers have aimed to explore the multiple dimensions […]
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Wilson Hernández: “The conviction to leave the criminal life is often not natural, but activated by triggers”
October 25, 2024 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“The conviction to leave the criminal life is often not natural, but is usually activated by triggers. According to studies, one may be getting a stable job. Another is getting married or having children and starting to think not only for oneself, but also for others. Another is taking away leisure time from teenagers in […]
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International Day of the Girl: selection of recent free access titles
October 11, 2024 Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, State reform and public institutions
Las experiencias de las niñas en sus propias vidas muestran la importancia de proporcionar entornos seguros, no violentos, inclusivos y eficaces hacia un futuro en el que puedan desarrollar todo su potencial. En el Día Internacional de la Niña, compartimos algunos títulos recientes de nuestras investigadores e investigadores. Varios de estos estudios muestran que, a […]
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Ojo Público reports Wilson Hernández’s thoughts on the insecurity crisis on the streets
October 9, 2024 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Wilson Hernandez shares his opinion on the urban terrorism bill. Via Epicentro TV
October 7, 2024 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Between the extreme measures there is a large gray space where we can move with more clever proposals. It is there where police intelligence has a much better chance of being able to identify groups linked to extortion and dismantle them”. Our Adjunct Researcher Wilson Hernández talked to journalist Daniel Yovera of Epicentro TV about […]
Events
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GRADE researchers join the XXXV Annual CIES 2024 Research Seminar
11/12/2024 → 13/12/2024 UPC San Isidro Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Poverty and equality, Urbanization and sustainable cities
Del 11 al 13 de diciembre, investigadoras e investigadores de GRADE serán expositores, comentaristas y moderadores en el XXXV Seminario Anual de Investigación CIES 2024. El evento, organizado por el Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES) de manera híbrida, abordará el tema “Retos y perspectivas del Perú y América Latina: inversión, sostenibilidad y cohesión social”. A continuación, […]
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GRADE’s researchers are speakers at the international seminar for the 60th anniversary of the Faculty of Social Sciences at PUCP
20/08/2024 → 23/08/2024 Campus de la PUCP Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Our researchers are participating as speakers at the international seminar “60 years of dialogues and development with Peru”, organized by the School of Social Sciences of the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in the framework of its 60 anniversary. On the first day, during the opening of the event, Juan León, senior researcher at GRADE, […]
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Public event Building care systems from the territories in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evidence from the Program “Partnerships for Change in the Care Economy”.
28/05/2024 5:00 pm - 8:30 pm Auditorio de la Universidad de Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Aunque se han producido importantes avances para promover la transformación de la economía del cuidado en América Latina y el Caribe, aún existe poca evidencia sobre sus impactos y aprendizajes. Para compartir los avances y desafíos de los sistemas de cuidados en la región, con especial foco en Colombia, la Universidad de Cartagena, el Ministerio […]
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Lorena Alcázar to speak at IEET webinar on care policies for decent work
14/03/2024 7:00 pm YouTube del IEET Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our senior researcher Lorena Alcázar will be a speaker in the webinar “Care policies as a tool for decent work”, organized by the Institute for the Study of Labor Economics (IEET). Inés Martens, National Monitoring and Evaluation Officer in the “Opening Doors” project of the International Labor Organization (ILO), and Mirna Jara, Gender Secretary of […]
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Maria Balarin will join UNESCO Peru’s Conference Venezuelan migrant and refugee students in Peru
06/12/2023 10:40 am - 12:30 pm Centro de Convenciones de Lima, San Borja Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our Senior Researcher María Balarin will join the conference Venezuelan migrant and refugee students in Peru: Data and evidence that challenge and commit us, held by UNESCO Peru’s +Diversity Program. The conference aims to socialize information on the dynamics of educational inclusion of Venezuelan migrant and refugee population in the Peruvian education system obtained in the framework of […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities