Moreno, Martín; Hugo Ñopo; Jaime Saavedra y Máximo Torero (2012). Detecting Gender and Racial Discrimination in Hiring Through Monitoring Intermediation Services: The Case of Selected Occupations in Metropolitan Lima, Peru. World Development, Elsevier, vol. 40(2), pages 315-328.

Inspired by audit studies methodology, the authors monitored a job intermediation service in Peru to detect gender and racial discrimination in hiring. The authors capture individual racial information using the approach of Ñopo, Saavedra, and Torero (2007), enabling a richer exploration of racial differences. Overall, the study finds discriminatory treatment in hiring only when comparing groups with extremely different observable racial characteristics. The authors detect discriminatory treatment for female Indigenous applicants in secretarial positions. In terms of aimed wages, females tend to ask for wages 7% below those of males with comparable skills (although this has no negative impact on wages at hiring).