Manuel Glave Testino
Senior Researcher
PhD in Economics - University of Illinois en Champaign
mglave@grade.org.pe
Manuel Glave has a PhD in Economics from the University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign. He is a Senior Researcher at GRADE where he specialises in rural development, environmental economics and natural resources, and where he undertakes analysis of public policy relating to agriculture and the environment.
He is a Senior Professor in the Department of Economics at the Pontifical Catholic University in Peru. His research projects include campesino (rural farmer) production systems in mountainous ecosystems, community participation in protected areas, economic valuation of biological diversity and environmental services.
He has served as a Lecturer in environmental economics and natural resources in Ecuador and Paraguay, as part of the Seminar on Economic Policy for Latin America (SPEAL) program. He is currently investigating the social impacts of large-scale mining on rural development in the Peruvian Andes.
He was President of the Permanent Seminar for Agricultural Research (SEPIA) from 1997 to 1999 and, together with Juana Kuramoto, National Coordinator for the project “Mining, Minerals and Sustainable Development” (MMSD) in 2001.
Publications
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Proyecto Alianza Forestal: manejo de bosques comunales para la sostenibilidad socioeconómica y ambiental
2024 Manuel Glave, Marcela Cavassa, Oriana Heredia, Karla Vergara
Since 2019, the Forest Alliance Project has implemented a communal forest management model in seven native Amazonian communities of the Shipibo-Konibo and Kakataibo ethnic groups. To do so, it adopted an ecosystem approach to communal territory, which improves the livelihoods of indigenous families through sustainable enterprises. This book gathers the systematization of the project experience […]
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Chapter in BookPerspectivas sobre desarrollo y territorio en el nuevo contexto. Homenaje a Efraín Gonzales de Olarte
Estrategias de diversificación de ingresos más allá del margen: una mirada a microcosmos rurales con gran minería en los andes rurales
2023 Manuel Glave
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Hacia una política de gestión integral de pasivos ambientales mineros en Chile
2023 Julieta Godfrid, Pamela Poo Cifuentes, Tomás Palmisano, Claudia Fuentes Pereira, Manuel Glave
En Chile existen 5422 faenas mineras abandonadas o inactivas (SERNAGEOMIN, 2019) que constituyen un riesgo potencial para la salud de las poblaciones y los ecosistemas. La infraestructura minera abandonada o cerrada inadecuadamente, así como sus remanentes –residuos o restos–, son pasivos ambientales mineros (PAM). Los PAM han sido generados por la minería del pasado; sin […]
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Chapter in BookPerú: el problema agrario en debate. Sepia XIX
Cerrando, ¿qué brechas?: análisis de la inversión pública en la Amazonía peruana
2022 Álvaro Hopkins, Karla Vergara, Miguel Angel La Rosa, Manuel Glave
The study analyzes the relationship between public investment in infrastructure and the closing of gaps in the Peruvian Amazon during the first two decades of the 21st century. This analysis transcends the economic sphere by considering social and environmental dimensions as part of a territorial approach to sustainable development. It is based on the hypothesis […]
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Chapter in BookÉpicas del neoliberalismo: subjetividades emprendedoras y ciudadanías precarias en el Perú
Los límites de la implementación de la Ley de Consulta Previa en los Andes peruanos
2020 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave
The authors discuss the impact of prior consultation policies in Peru, implemented in 2012 in response to the social conflicts that occurred in Bagua in 2009 and based on the conclusions of Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO).
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Hallazgos y recomendaciones para mejorar la calidad de la participación en territorios con minería a gran escala
2020 Violeta Rabi, Matías Valenzuela, Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave,
In recent decades, Chile and Peru have achieved sustained economic growth from the exploitation of their natural resources and the expansion of their extractive industries. In this development model, mining has played a central role, specifically that both countries have large copper reserves and are leaders in its production, being the first and second producer […]
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The Evolution of Collective Land Tenure Regimes in Pastoralist Societies: Lessons from Andean Countries
2016 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Sandra Rodriguez, Andrea Ramos
This paper analyses how land tenure regimes of pastoralist societies living in the Andean altiplano have transformed over the last 50 years. It also discusses the implications of these transformations for the sustainability of resource management in these areas. Building on the framework proposed by Schlager and Ostrom (1992), this study employs a historical institutional analysis […]
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La Evolución de los Regímenes de Tenencia Colectiva de Tierras en Sociedades Pastoriles: Lecciones desde Países Andinos
2016 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Sandra Rodríguez, Sandra Rodríguez
Mucho se ha dicho sobre la importancia de los medios de vida pastoriles en el uso efectivo y sostenible de las tierras áridas alrededor del mundo. Más aún, las presiones ejercidas actualmente sobre el modo de vida de las sociedades pastoriles no tienen precedente. Estas presiones y las tendencias cambiantes ponen en peligro los medios de […]
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The Evolution of Collective Land Tenure Regimes in Pastoralist Societies: Lessons From Andean Countries
2016 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Sandra Rodríguez, Andrea Ramos
Much has been said about the importance of pastoralist livelihoods for the effective and sustainable use of the world’s drylands which cover approximately 40% of total land surface. Globally, drylands provide livelihoods to some two billion people, 90% of whom live in developing countries (UN, 2011). Pastoralism is the principle production system exercised in drylands […]
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Análisis económico y socioambiental de los proyectos de interconexión Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul
2015 Álvaro Hopkins, Alfonso Malky, Manuel Glave, Rocío Ventocilla, Juan Carlos Ledezma, Alexs Arana
Large transportation infrastructure projects play a strategic role in economic development, but many are implemented without clear evidence that they provide a net beneft to the economy. The magnitude of potential losses from such projects depends, to a large degree, where they are built. Specifcally, road projects in fragile tropical ecosystems tend to be associated […]
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JournalNomadic Peoples
Land tenure and the sustainability of pastoral production systems: a comparative analysis of the Andean Altiplano and the East African savannah
2019 Gerardo Damonte, Tim Njagi, Lilian Kirimi, Manuel Glave, Sandra Rodríguez
Pastoral communities are facing mounting pressure on their livelihoods due to misconceptions about pastoralism and global trends including population growth and climate change. In this context, this article seeks to establish a correlation between pastoral land tenure systems and the sustainability of pastoralism as a production system. Using a comparative approach, researchers develop a taxonomy to first […]
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JournalWell-Being and Social Policy
Effect of Natural Disasters on Poverty Transitions and Consumption Growth. Evidence For Rural Perú
2010 Ricardo Fort, Manuel Glave
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JournalAmerican ethnologist
Alguito para ganar (a little something to earn): profits and losses in peasant economies
1999 Manuel Glave, Enrique Mayer
We explore various ways in which small-scale peasants in the highlands of Peru conceptualize the everyday concept of profit in the contemporary context of neoliberalism.
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JournalDebate agrario
De la puna a la montaña: migración y uso del espacio en el valle del Inambari
1997 Manuel Glave, Daniel Pinedo
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JournalDebate agrario
Indicadores de sostenibilidad para la agricultura andina
1995 Manuel Glave, Javier Escobal
El objetivo central de esta investigación es realizar un balance de los distintos enfoques que se han desarrollado para "medir" la sostenibilidad de los sistemas agrícolas de producción.
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Estrategias de diversificación de ingresos más allá del margen: una mirada a microcosmos rurales con gran minería en los andes rurales
Perspectivas sobre desarrollo y territorio en el nuevo contexto. Homenaje a Efraín Gonzales de Olarte2023 Manuel Glave
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Cerrando, ¿qué brechas?: análisis de la inversión pública en la Amazonía peruana
Perú: el problema agrario en debate. Sepia XIX2022 Álvaro Hopkins, Karla Vergara, Miguel Angel La Rosa, Manuel Glave
The study analyzes the relationship between public investment in infrastructure and the closing of gaps in the Peruvian Amazon during the first two decades of the 21st century. This analysis transcends the economic sphere by considering social and environmental dimensions as part of a territorial approach to sustainable development. It is based on the hypothesis […]
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Los límites de la implementación de la Ley de Consulta Previa en los Andes peruanos
Épicas del neoliberalismo: subjetividades emprendedoras y ciudadanías precarias en el Perú2020 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave
The authors discuss the impact of prior consultation policies in Peru, implemented in 2012 in response to the social conflicts that occurred in Bagua in 2009 and based on the conclusions of Convention 169 of the International Labor Organization (ILO).
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Cambio global, alta montaña y adaptación: una aproximación social y geográfica
Investigación para el desarrollo en el Perú: once balances2016 Manuel Glave, Karla Vergara
The present study documents main advances in three areas: institutional, scientific knowledge production, and adaptation projects for confronting climate change in Peru. The analysis of a case study in the Cordillera Blanca brings to light the problems and constraints that can be faced by adaptation projects implemented under a sectorial viewpoint lacking sufficient scientific and […]
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Modelos de localización de áreas potenciales para el cultivo de palma aceitera sostenible en el ámbito Amazónico
¿Agroindustria en la Amazonía?: posibilidades para el desarrollo inclusivo y sostenible de la palma aceitera en el Perú2016 Manuel Glave, Karla Vergara
Manuel Glave y Karla Vergara abordan el tema de la localización de áreas potenciales para el cultivo sostenible de palma aceitera en la Amazonía peruana, y proponen una metodología que permite combinar las áreas con aptitud agroecológica (características climáticas, físicas y accesibilidad que aseguren la rentabilidad del cultivo) con aquellas donde se respeten criterios ambientales, […]
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Hacia una política de gestión integral de pasivos ambientales mineros en Chile
2023 Julieta Godfrid, Pamela Poo Cifuentes, Tomás Palmisano, Claudia Fuentes Pereira, Manuel Glave
En Chile existen 5422 faenas mineras abandonadas o inactivas (SERNAGEOMIN, 2019) que constituyen un riesgo potencial para la salud de las poblaciones y los ecosistemas. La infraestructura minera abandonada o cerrada inadecuadamente, así como sus remanentes –residuos o restos–, son pasivos ambientales mineros (PAM). Los PAM han sido generados por la minería del pasado; sin […]
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Perú | Construcción de infraestructuras: no perder las oportunidades de reducir las desigualdades en el acceso al agua
2020 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Ana Paula López, Diego Navarro,
The construction of water infrastructure by itself does not solve the problem of water stress and scarcity in territories with large-scale mining and can generate unwanted collateral effects such as increases, conflicts and disputes in access to water. Based on the evidence from the cases of La Guajira in Colombia and Espinar in Peru, this […]
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Perú | Propuestas para mejorar los mecanismos de evaluación ambiental minera
2020 Julieta Godfrid, Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Ana Paula López, Diego Navarro
Based on research on mining and water resources in Andean countries, this document provides public policy recommendations to help improve environmental monitoring of mining. In Argentina, the Veladero project located in San Juan was studied, and in Peru, the Antapaccay – Tintaya Expansion project, located in Espinar. The cases analyzed show that it is necessary […]
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Perú | Gobernanzas plurales del agua: Derechos al agua en contextos mineros en Perú y Colombia
2020 Astrid Ulloa, Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Catalina Quiroga, Diego Navarro
En contextos de extracción minera a gran escala, la competencia por el acceso al agua produce desigualdades entre poblaciones locales, empresas y estados. Cada uno de estos actores promueve formas diversas de gobernanza vinculadas a distintas maneras de relacionarse con el territorio. Avanzar en el reconocimiento de la diversidad de gobernanzas y, por lo tanto, […]
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Perú | La planificación colaborativa como solución a la escasez hídrica en contextos de minería a gran escala
2020 Gerardo Damonte, Julieta Godfrid, Manuel Glave, Ana Paula López, Diego Navarro
This policy brief addresses the issues surrounding governance in water scarcity scenarios and provides recommendations for public policies to improve access to water for human consumption in high Andean territories with large-scale mining. Based on the evidence collected in the cases of San Juan in Argentina and Espinar in Peru, it is argued that the […]
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Proyecto Alianza Forestal: manejo de bosques comunales para la sostenibilidad socioeconómica y ambiental
2024 Manuel Glave, Marcela Cavassa, Oriana Heredia, Karla Vergara
Since 2019, the Forest Alliance Project has implemented a communal forest management model in seven native Amazonian communities of the Shipibo-Konibo and Kakataibo ethnic groups. To do so, it adopted an ecosystem approach to communal territory, which improves the livelihoods of indigenous families through sustainable enterprises. This book gathers the systematization of the project experience […]
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Industrias extractivas y desarrollo rural territorial en los Andes peruanos. Los dilemas de la representación política y la capacidad de gestión para la descentralización
2016 Manuel Glave, Gerardo Damonte
Durante las últimas décadas, en el Perú se han producido cambios significativos en las formas de organización y representación local. Estos cambios han afectado el desarrollo de las políticas territoriales en el contexto de proyectos mineros a gran escala. El país ha hecho esfuerzos para contribuir a la gestión del territorio, para lo cual ha […]
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De la Amazonía su palma. Aportes a la gestión territorial en la región Loreto
2016 Roxana Barrantes, Elena Borasino, Manuel Glave, Miguel La Rosa,
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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América Latina hacia la inclusión social. Avances, aprendizajes y desafíos
2014 Beatriz Muriel Hernández, Miguel Fernández Moscoso, Mario Yapu, Daniela Romero Romay, Pablo Rocha Portugal, Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Juan Carlos Sanabria Arias, Erick Coyoy, Edmundo Urrutia
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Amazonía peruana y desarrollo económico
2014 Roxana Barrantes, Manuel Glave
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Gobernanza forestal y sostenibilidad en la Amazonía: avances y desafíos de políticas en el Perú
2018 Manuel Glave, Elena Borasino
Despite the change in the legal regime of 2001, forest management is still not very sustainable. In 2011, a new forestry law was approved (No. 29763). Which aspects of forest governance have improved and which are still a challenge are questions that this research seeks to answer. While this new law has brought substantial changes, […]
Projects
- The Forest Alliance ProjectMay 2024
- Situational diagnosis of artisanal and small-scale mining in the Peruvian AmazonOctober 2023
- Monitoring proposal for the National Sustainable Infrastructure Plan for Competitiveness (PNISC) 2022-2025August 2023
- Exploratory study on corrosive capital in PeruMay 2023
- Design of a tool for the evaluation of social conflicts in PeruMay 2023
- Update of the guide for the preparation of Life PlansSeptember 2022
- Socioeconomic study of the feasibility of the river connection alternative between Boca Manu and Boca Colorado.August 2022
- Promotion and strengthening of proposals from civil society organizations for inclusive and sustainable development initiatives in mining regions of Colombia, Peru and Chile.January 2022
- Analysis of the current situation, trends and challenges of activities, energy, extractive, productive, and construction of infrastructure on a critical scale for the National System of Natural Areas (SINANPE)April 2021
- Cost benefit analysis of the Boca Manu – Boca Colorado road with and without externalitiesDecember 2020
Media
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Manuel Glave and the Ministry of Infrastructure: “A reform of the State cannot be achieved merely by merging 13 entities”
August 12, 2024 State reform and public institutions
“A reform of the State cannot be achieved merely by merging 13 entities. […] In fact, a comprehensive State reform is needed that addresses differentiated changes in each sector”. Our Senior Researcher Manuel Glave talked to AméricaEconomía magazine about the risks of creating an Ministry of Infrastructure in Peru.
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Manuel Glave talks about the living conditions of the communities and the conservation of species in Manu
October 18, 2023 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
“There is a tension or contradiction between the park’s conservation objectives and the development objectives of living conditions.” Our senior researcher Manuel Glave talked to Radio Madre de Dios about the policies in favor of the communities and the conservation of natural species in Manu National Park.
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Urban extractivism in Peru, by Manuel Glave
September 27, 2023 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
“Extractivism as a way of operating, as a way of extracting income, as a way of investing without taking into consideration the impacts generated by a large-scale investment, also reaches the big cities”. Taking the case of the Santa Rosa expressway in Callao, our senior researcher Manuel Glave reflects on urban extractivism in the country. […]
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Mining in Peru and Chile: the quality of dialogue needs to be lifted up, by Manuel Glave
September 23, 2020 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Although Peru and Chile have implemented the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA), it has little credibility and trust among populations and it has not been a mechanism that prevents socio-environmental conflict. In this Ojo Público article, our senior researcher Manuel Glave analyzes the mechanisms of citizen participation in territories with large-scale mining based on a recent study comparing both countries.
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Manuel Glave criticizes Minagri’s procedure to solve the potato producers’ strike
January 12, 2018 Rural development and agriculture
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Minagri) announced an upcoming emergency decree that would authorize the regional governments of Huancavelica, Huánuco, Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín to buy surplus potato production and allocate it to social programs. This as a solution to the strike of potato producers drived by the fall in the price of this […]
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Urban extractivism in Peru, by Manuel Glave
September 27, 2023 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
“Extractivism as a way of operating, as a way of extracting income, as a way of investing without taking into consideration the impacts generated by a large-scale investment, also reaches the big cities”. Taking the case of the Santa Rosa expressway in Callao, our senior researcher Manuel Glave reflects on urban extractivism in the country. […]
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Mining in Peru and Chile: the quality of dialogue needs to be lifted up, by Manuel Glave
September 23, 2020 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Although Peru and Chile have implemented the Environmental Impact Assessment System (SEIA), it has little credibility and trust among populations and it has not been a mechanism that prevents socio-environmental conflict. In this Ojo Público article, our senior researcher Manuel Glave analyzes the mechanisms of citizen participation in territories with large-scale mining based on a recent study comparing both countries.
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Manuel Glave shares his thoughts on genetic resources, patents and genetic biopiracy
July 19, 2017 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Our senior researcher, Manuel Glave, gives his thoughts on genetic resources and their economic exploitation: “The countries of the Andean Community are called to lead a new negotiation that guarantees the paradigm of access to benefits and share them equitably, with innovative mechanisms. The patent model fails to incorporate the collective rights of the ethnic groups that […]
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Manuel Glave talks about the Paris Agreement, the US withdrawal and the pending commitments of Peru
July 11, 2017 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
According to our senior researcher, Manuel Glave, the United States withdrawal from the Paris Agreement against climate change, “should not mean Peru and the Andean countries do not continue their duty to set public policies aimed at fulfilling their commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions”. The video was published by Alan Fairlie, Andean Parliamentary Representative.
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Manuel Glave expone sobre Desarrollo Territorial Rural e identidad cultural andina
December 14, 2015 Rural development and agriculture, Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Manuel Glave and the Ministry of Infrastructure: “A reform of the State cannot be achieved merely by merging 13 entities”
August 12, 2024 State reform and public institutions
“A reform of the State cannot be achieved merely by merging 13 entities. […] In fact, a comprehensive State reform is needed that addresses differentiated changes in each sector”. Our Senior Researcher Manuel Glave talked to AméricaEconomía magazine about the risks of creating an Ministry of Infrastructure in Peru.
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Manuel Glave criticizes Minagri’s procedure to solve the potato producers’ strike
January 12, 2018 Rural development and agriculture
The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (Minagri) announced an upcoming emergency decree that would authorize the regional governments of Huancavelica, Huánuco, Apurímac, Ayacucho and Junín to buy surplus potato production and allocate it to social programs. This as a solution to the strike of potato producers drived by the fall in the price of this […]
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2017 Perumin: State, mining and community. Manuel Glave shares his thoughts
September 25, 2017 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Which are the advances, fails and pending duties in the dialogue between the three key actors of the mining sector: State, community and mining firms? Our senior researcher, Manuel Glave, and other experts, share their thoughts in El Comercio’s special supplement for the Mining Convention PERUMIN 2017 .
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Peru: Has the law known as ‘environmental package’ fulfilled its purposes?
February 2, 2017 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
What have been the impacts of the Law 30230, known as ‘environmental package’? Our senior researcher, Manuel Glave, discusses the effects of this law promulgated in 2014, whose purpose was to adjust the national environmental control to foster private investment. The article has been published in Mongabay Latam.
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Manuel Glave on investment incentives and environmental regulations, in the Inter-American Dialogue’s Latin America Advisor
August 3, 2016 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
“It is clear that the political challenge is to find an equilibrium point between generating new investment incentives without loosening up environmental regulations that may affect Peruvians’ quality of life in the long run”, stated Manuel Glave, senior researcher at GRADE, in Latin America Advisor, daily publication of the Inter-American Dialogue.
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Manuel Glave talks about the living conditions of the communities and the conservation of species in Manu
October 18, 2023 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
“There is a tension or contradiction between the park’s conservation objectives and the development objectives of living conditions.” Our senior researcher Manuel Glave talked to Radio Madre de Dios about the policies in favor of the communities and the conservation of natural species in Manu National Park.
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Manuel Glave (GRADE) and Roxana Barrantes (IEP): a model of economic development for the Peruvian Amazon
June 27, 2016 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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De la Amazonía su palma: Aportes a la gestión territorial en la región Loreto. Entrevista en Canal N
June 17, 2016 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Manuel Glave: vía ferroviaria Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul no sería viable económicamente
July 30, 2015 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Entrevista a Manuel Glave sobre análisis costo beneficio social de alternativas de interconexión entre Pucallpa y Cruzeiro do Sul
July 13, 2015 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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First Latin America Evidence Week: On what Kenya pastoralists resemble with the ones from the Peruvian Altiplano?
November 3, 2016 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
On what Kenya pastoralists resemble with the ones from the Peruvian Altiplano? lamula.pe gathered the main conclusion from “Unusual comparative research and learning between countries: lessons from ELLA Programme” panel discussion, held by Practical Action and GRADE on October 2016. The panel, which was part of the First Latin America Evidence Week, showed the relevance of comparative research to understand global […]
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Nuevas tecnologías mejoran la gestión pública del territorio: resumen de evento de DAR y propuesta de Sistema de Información Territorial presentada por Manuel Glave
July 6, 2015 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Realizan taller sobre deforestación en Lima
February 13, 2013 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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Minería: locomotora del crecimiento
December 28, 2001 Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
Presentations
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Limits and opportunities of liberal capitalism: lessons from the implementation of free and prior informed consent in indigenous territories in Peru
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 17 November, 2017
Indigenous (Latin) America: Territories, Knowledge, Resistance and Voices. 2017 Center for Latin American and Caribbean Studies and American Indian Studies Symposium.
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Políticas de protección social adaptativa frente al Cambio Climático. Lecciones desde la Mancomunidad de Tres Cuencas, Áncash
GRADE, 13 July, 2017
Taller de presentación de resultados finales
Selected Publications
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The Evolution of Collective Land Tenure Regimes in Pastoralist Societies: Lessons From Andean Countries
2016 Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, Sandra Rodríguez, Andrea Ramos
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De la Amazonía su palma. Aportes a la gestión territorial en la región Loreto
2016 Roxana Barrantes, Elena Borasino, Manuel Glave, Miguel La Rosa,
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Análisis económico y socioambiental de los proyectos de interconexión Pucallpa-Cruzeiro do Sul
2015 Álvaro Hopkins, Alfonso Malky, Manuel Glave, Rocío Ventocilla, Juan Carlos Ledezma, Alexs Arana
