Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) where she has a broad portfolio of both applied and academic research. Her applied work focuses on the analysis and qualitative evaluation of educational and social policies, with a special focus on processes of policy implementation. Her academic work has mostly focused […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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Pantallazo a la violencia de género: redes sociales y ciber violencia en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes
2023 Katherine Sarmiento
Este estudio busca explicar el rol de las redes sociales en la ciberviolencia de género en relaciones sexo-afectivas entre adolescentes de una institución educativa en San Juan de Lurigancho (Lima). Se realiza un estudio de caso cualitativo, utilizando un cuestionario descriptivo, grupos de discusión y entrevistas con estudiantes de cuarto de secundaria. El estudio concluye […]
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Soap operas and pro-savings attitudes in poor rural areas of Peru.
2023 Alberto Chong, Martin Valdivia
We wrote, produced, and implemented a randomized intervention of a five-episode soap opera focusing on attitudes related to trust and savings. It was shown to females living in poor and violence-scarred rural areas and who received the national conditional cash transfer. We find that one year after the intervention treated females significantly improve their attitudes […]
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Edutainment, savings and dwelling-related assets in poor rural areas of Peru
Alberto Chong, Martin Valdivia
We exploit a field experiment by Chong and Valdivia (2023) and test whether por women from rural areas in developing countries that are able to save seek dwellingrelated assets and find causal evidence that this is indeed the case. Furthermore, we also find that the older cohort of women, those aged forty and higher, also […]
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Barreras para la integración laboral de migrantes venezolanos en el Perú: identificación y análisis de opciones de política
2023 Lorena Alcazar, Fernando Távara
La población migrante venezolana presenta mayores niveles de desempleo y precariedad laboral (ej. informalidad laboral, menores ingresos) que sus pares nacionales. La literatura disponible y las entrevistas con expertos sugieren que existen múltiples factores o barreras a la base de esta problemática, las cuales se pueden clasificar en los siguientes grupos: barreras para la regularización […]
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Journaleconomía&sociedad
Propuestas de reformas para la integración laboral de la población migrante venezolana en el Perú
2023 Lorena Alcazar, Fernando Távara
El mayor nivel de desempleo y precariedad laboral que experimentan los migrantes venezolanos, en comparación con la población local, se debe a distintas barreras que enfrentan para participar en el mercado de trabajo. Facilitar la regularización migratoria, retirar limitaciones para que micro y pequeñas empresas contraten extranjeros, expandir los servicios públicos de empleo para que […]
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El impacto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 sobre la violencia familiar: diferenciando víctimas, tipos de violencia y niveles de riesgo en el Perú
2022
Las medidas para mitigar los contagios por COVID-19 generaron condiciones para una mayor violencia familiar (confinamiento forzado, restricciones de movilidad, estrés económico, etc.). Tal fue el caso del Perú. Esta investigación evalúa el impacto de estas condiciones sobre la violencia familiar en el Perú durante las primeras 14 semanas de cuarenta. Empleamos los registros administrativos […]
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Unpacking the Post-lockdown Employment Recovery of Young Women in the Global South
2021
This paper analyses the difference in short-term employment recovery between young men and women in India, Peru and Vietnam following the national lockdowns imposed in all three countries during 2020. The authors employ a mediation model to establish whether – and to what extent – commonly suggested mechanisms are responsible for a relatively slower recovery among […]
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Transversalización del enfoque de género en organizaciones y proyectos sociales: Definiciones y orientaciones básicas
2020
This document is aimed especially at representatives of civil society organizations involved in the design and implementation of social projects in Peru. Its objectives are: Provide access to definitions and guidelines on the gender approach and its mainstreaming in social projects and organizations. To present fundamentals and tools for gender mainstreaming in the development of […]
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El Coronavirus y los retos para el trabajo de las mujeres en América Latina
2020
The Coronavirus pandemic has spread throughout the world and Latin America has not escaped its health, economic and social impacts. The economic strike resulting from a combination of astringent measures (self-quarantines, mandatory quarantines, limited capacity of people in commercial premises, factories and offices, border closures, etc.), is generating profound economic and social impacts. In the […]
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La inclusión educativa de NNA migrantes venezolanos en el Perú – una política que no se puede nombrar
2020
The education sector has identified the important and growing demand of foreign migrant families, and has reacted to this issue. However, a discourse and practice guaranteeing the right to education coexists with a marked absence of policies explicitly aimed at facilitating its educational inclusion. In this analysis paper, the authors address the educational inclusion of […]
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JournalCriminology & Criminal Justice
Does context matter? Examining robbery reporting in a high crime country
2021
Most empirical studies that examine why individuals report property crimes to the police have focused on Global North countries where crime rates are low. This study is situated in the most violent area of the world, Latin America, and examines Peru, which has the highest robbery victimization rate in the Americas. This article examines the […]
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JournalJournal of Interpersonal Violence
Bullying victimization among peruvian children: the predictive role of parental maltreatment
2021
Bullying among schoolchildren is increasingly being recognized as a major problem. Although previous studies have examined parental maltreatment as a risk factor for bullying, the evidence on this topic remains limited in Latin America. The aim of this study was then to measure the prevalence of bullying victimization among a nationally representative sample of Peruvian […]
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JournalAustralian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology
Fear of crime examined through diversity of crime, social inequalities, and social capital: An empirical evaluation in Peru
2020
Latin America is a violent region where fear of crime is well spread but still not fully understood. Using multilevel methods for a large and subnational representative household survey, researchers assess the determinants of fear of crime in Peru, the country with the highest fear of crime and crime victimization in the region. Results show […]
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JournalJournal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community
History matters, but differently: Persisting and perpetuating effects on the likelihood of intimate partner violence
2019
Ecological models of violence center on systems (micro, meso, and macro) surrounding personal history of violence, but few studies properly assess the effects of personal history on the likelihood of victimization. Using the Peruvian Demographic and Health Survey (N=74,204), the authors examine the effect personal history of violence has on the likelihood of recent intimate […]
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JournalThe World Bank Economic Review
Do Information Technologies Improve Teenagers’ Sexual Education? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Colombia
2019
This study reports results from a randomized evaluation of a mandatory six-month Internet-based sexual education course implemented across public junior high schools in 21 Colombian cities. Six months after finishing the course, the study finds a 0.4 standard deviation improvement in knowledge, a 0.2 standard deviation improvement in attitudes, and a 55 percent increase in […]
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Breaking the Silence. Why do Young Women in Peru Marry or Cohabit at a Young Age, and What are the Consequences?
Dreaming of a Better Life Child Marriage Through Adolescent Eyes2020
On the basis of qualitative data, the chapter shows how different factors lead young women to start cohabitation or marriage before adulthood. Through the experiences of three women who began cohabitation before the age of 18 in Peru, the authors show what life is like for them, the inequities in the power relations they face […]
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Criminal Legalities in the Global South. Cultural Dynamics, Political Tensions, and Institutional Practices
Criminal Legalities in the Global South: Cultural dynamics, political tensions and institutional practices2019
In Peru, corruption is widespread. Under the intention of addressing the problem of corruption, the justice system reacted by creating a specialized sub judicial system, which accompanied the introduction of a new Criminal Procedure Code that allowed less bureaucratic oral criminal proceedings. While these changes promised justice and efficiency, in this chapter it is argued […]
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Oportunidades y barreras en la trayectoria de las científicas sociales peruanas
Desigualdad en la academia: mujeres en las ciencias sociales2018
El presente capítulo se enmarca en estos esfuerzos y es resultado de esa agenda del Grupo Sofía, que pretende profundizar en el análisis de las disparidades entre las experiencias de mujeres y hombres en el mundo laboral académico de las ciencias sociales. Específicamente, analizamos las oportunidades y barreras a las que se enfrentan las científicas sociales peruanas durante su […]
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El entorno de la investigación social en el Perú
Desigualdad en la academia: mujeres en las ciencias sociales2018
En el Perú existen coincidencias importantes con los hallazgos de esta literatura, hay también particularidades que se explicarían por lo que podemos describir como el entorno precario en el que se desarrolla la investigación académica en el país, entorno que profundiza algunas desigualdades de género que también se plantean en el presente libro.
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¿Cómo abordar el estudio de las inequidades de género en el mundo académico?
Desigualdad en la academia: mujeres en las ciencias sociales2018
Este primer capítulo busca situar a las personas que lean este libro en ese abordaje conceptual compartido sobre el problema de las inequidades de género en el mundo académico. Para ello, presentamos una breve discusión sobre cómo nos aproximamos a los regímenes de inequidad en el campo académico y de la investigación, y sobre los principales aportes […]
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Las aspiraciones de las mujeres rurales de Cajamarca en la educación de sus hijas e hijos
2020
En este artículo, Gabriela Arrunátegui analiza las aspiraciones de las mujeres de zonas rurales de Cajamarca en la educación de sus hijas e hijos. Para ello, empleó la información cualitativa recogida en el año 2019 por el equipo del proyecto CREER, sobre prácticas pedagógicas y de género en 12 instituciones educativas multigrado de primaria en […]
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Experiencias de convivencia, matrimonio y maternidad/paternidad en adolescentes y jóvenes peruanos. Policy brief
2019
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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“Cualquier cosa nos puede pasar”. Cuando la violencia marca el ciclo de vida de las niñas en el Perú
2019
This qualitative study aims to highlight the multiple and persistent forms of violence that Peruvian girls can experiment from childhood to adolescence, as well as the resources they have to respond to it. In addition, the purpose of this brief is to approach the complex relationship that exists between the individual, familiar and community spaces, as […]
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Social protection, economic opportunity strategies and women’s empowerment in Peru
2018
This article presents results from two evaluation studies aimed at providing evidence of the impact of social protection programmes on women’s well-being. Specifically, the studies evaluate the impacts of the Peruvian programmes Haku Wiñay and Juntos on women’s empowerment dimensions, such as decision-making on household resources, gender roles and ideology, self-esteem and domestic violence. Findings from […]
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Measuring the sustainable development agenda in Peru
2016
In 2012, the Rio+20 United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development pledged that governments will propose a set of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the post-2015 period. The SDGs – agreed to in September 2015 – replace the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which expire in the same year. The SDGs take into consideration positive experiences from the MDGs and […]
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En cancha ajena: la participación ciudadana a través de los Consejos Nacionales
2015
The main objective of this research is to analyze their institutional models as well as to reflect on the role played by citizen participation as a factor of democratic governance through the National Councils.
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Estudio Especializado sobre Población Afroperuana (EEPA)
2015Martín Benavides, Juan Leon,
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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América Latina hacia la inclusión social. Avances, aprendizajes y desafíos
2014, , , , , Gerardo Damonte, Manuel Glave, , , ,
Sorry, this entry is only available in European Spanish.
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El impacto de la investigación en políticas públicas nacionales de etnicidad e inclusión social: el caso de la creación del Comité Técnico Interinstitucional de Estadísticas de Etnicidad en el Perú
2014
El presente texto describe el rol de la investigación producida en GRADE sobre políticas nacionales de inclusión social, específicamente en torno a grupos étnicos que han venido existiendo como minorías sociales y como objeto de discriminación y exclusión social.
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Prevalencia de delitos en la población penal peruana: desorganización social versus aprendizaje social
2018
The aim of the study is to identify the main factors that influence a person commits a type of crime. We will focus on two theories: social learning and social disorganization, comparing each other to determine which one is more important. A second objective is to study how crime’s main drivers and gender relate to […]
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Derechos humanos y gobernabilidad democrática: oportunidades para la cooperación canadiense en el Perú
2009
This study has two central objectives. The first is to offer an overview of the human rights situation in the country, and of the public policies that protect and promote them. In particular, attention has been paid to the scenarios related to the transitional justice process (in terms of the guidelines of the Truth and […]
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Procesos y productos de justicia transicional: los aportes de la Comisión de la Verdad y la Reconciliación a la transición peruana
2008
This paper attempts, in the first place, to situate itself within an emerging theoretical perspective, derived from legal sociology, the so-called sociology of human rights. Its main characteristic is to approach human rights as social phenomena, analyzing their genesis, formation and positioning in the public agenda as moral, legal and political demands. Specifically, we will […]
Projects
- Social protection and indigenous peoplesSeptember 2020
- Analysis of the PNUD gender salary gapSeptember 2020
- The coronavirus pandemic and its impact on the economic autonomy of womenApril 2020
- Access to the educational system: Factors that facilitate or limit access to migrant children and adolescentsDecember 2019
- Indicators for the Results-Oriented Budget Program on violence against womenDecember 2019
- Mainstreaming information gathering on ethnicity to improve minority access to education: the case of Afro-descendant girlsSeptember 2019
- Factors associated with partner violence against women: a departmental approach based on patterns of victimizationJune 2019
- Evaluation of the police intervention against complaints of violence against women: Experimental evaluation of the Home Visitation Program of the National Police of PeruJune 2019
- Adolescents and youth in Peru. An approach from different perspectivesMarch 2019
- ”Hello ?, I have a problem”: Impact evaluation of the Ministry of Women and Vulnerable Populations Line 100March 2109
News
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En la sociedad peruana aún operan diversos mecanismos que han perpetuado inequidades sociales basadas en las diferencias de género y expresadas en las desiguales oportunidades de desarrollo que tienen hombres y mujeres en nuestro país. Esta forma de desigualdad tiene raíces estructurales que no solo se manifiestan en los planos sociales y económicos, sino también […]
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GRADE joins an IDRC’s project on regenerative and inclusive agri-food systems in Latin America and the Caribbean
February 8, 2023 Rural development and agriculture, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
GRADE is part of a new IDRC’s project on how to accelerate the transition to regenerative and inclusive agrifood systems in Latin America and the Caribbean. In the face of the vulnerability of natural ecosystems in Latin America and the Caribbean, and their impact on food security and livelihoods, an innovative business approach has emerged that […]
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GRADE frente al COVID-19, Institutional News
Gender-based violence in pandemic. Podcast GRADE Conversa 16 featuring Angelo Cozzubo (University of Chicago and PUCP)
February 1, 2023 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
The expansion of COVID-19 forced goverments to implement social isolation measures that, in turn, created unique conditions for increase violence. During the months of quarantine in Peru, non-essential services were closed, including non-reporting services for victims of violence such as the Women’s Emergency Centers. Police stations did not close, but the availability of police to attend victims […]
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Wilson Hernández’s opinion on the ineffectiveness of protection measures to protect women who suffer gender-based violence
November 7, 2022 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“When we talk about protection measures, maybe one imagines a policeman at the door of your house 24 hours a day, but that is not the case. Most measures are almost suggestions, they have no deterrent power.” Read the opinion of our Adjunct Researcher Wilson Hernández in this Salud con lupa story on the ineffectiveness […]
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Comment, Media GRADE, GRADE frente al COVID-19
Hugo Ñopo in Forbes Peru: the main gender gaps in the Peruvian labor market
March 9, 2022 Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
The entry of women into “flexible” or part-time jobs occurs because they still mostly attend to domestic duties or within their homes. “The National Time Use Survey reveals that in a typical week, women have two fewer days to work. This implies a huge inequality of opportunity.” Read the comments of Hugo Ñopo, Senior Researcher at GRADE […]
Events
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Santiago Cueto and Lorena Alcázar joined the Southern Voice network conference
24/10/2023 → 25/10/2023 Nairobi, Kenya Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our senior researchers Santiago Cueto and Lorena Alcázar joined the flagship conference of Southern Voice, a network of Global South think tanks. The event was held on October 24-25 in Nairobi, Kenya. During the first day, Santiago was a panelist in the session “Ed-tech: Rethinking our Terms for Equity and Sustainability”. On the next day, […]
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La Noche de las Ideas: Lorena Alcázar will join a discussion on outstanding Peruvian women scientists
19/05/2023 7:00 pm Zoom Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
As part of the La Noche de las Ideas festival, the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) Peru is organizing the discussion “Por más peruanas en la ciencia” (For more Peruvian women in science). The event will feature four video portraits of outstanding Peruvian women scientists whose research has had an impact on public […]
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Vanessa Rojas was a panelist at UNICEF Peru’s Dialogues “Towards the construction of a Social Protection System in Peru”
12/04/2023 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“In Peru, we are still moving from a medical approach to a biopsychosocial one. We still see disability from its individual limitations and do not consider the issue of limits in the social environment, which are key when we talk about social protection in general”. Vanessa Rojas, Associated Researcher at GRADE, joined the UNICEF Peru’s Dialogues “Towards the construction […]
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Lorena Alcázar participates in various Southern Voice activities on the occasion of the 67th session of the Commission on the Status of Women.
07/03/2023 → 10/03/2023 New York Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Poverty and equality
Our Senior Researcher Lorena Alcazar is in New York attending various Southern Voice activities, a think tank network of which GRADE is a partner. As a member of the Southern Voice’s Steering Committee, Lorena joined its first face-to-face meeting since 2019 to discuss the work of the network in the next couple of years. Also, on the occasion of the […]
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Miguel Jaramillo and Ricardo Fort participated in the Core Covid’s global & regional learning event in Dakar
17/01/2023 → 19/01/2023 Dakar, Senegal Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our Senior Researchers Miguel Jaramillo and Ricardo Fort participated in the Covid-19 Responses for Equity Core Covid global & regional learning event held last week by the International Development Research Centre (IDRC) and the Institute of Development Studies in Dakar, Senegal. The meeting aimed to discuss synergies and strengthen plans to turn research into action […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities