Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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JournalAustralian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology
Fear of crime examined through diversity of crime, social inequalities, and social capital: An empirical evaluation in Peru
2020 Wilson Hernández, Lucía Dammert, Lilian Kanashiro
Latin America is a violent region where fear of crime is well spread but still not fully understood. Using multilevel methods for a large and subnational representative household survey, researchers assess the determinants of fear of crime in Peru, the country with the highest fear of crime and crime victimization in the region. Results show […]
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La inclusión educativa de NNA migrantes venezolanos en el Perú: una política que no se puede nombrar
2020 Lorena Alcazar, Maria Balarin
The education sector has identified the important and growing demand of foreign migrant families, and has reacted to this issue. However, a discourse and practice guaranteeing the right to education coexists with a marked absence of policies explicitly aimed at facilitating its educational inclusion. In this analysis paper, the authors address the educational inclusion of […]
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JournalThe World Bank Economic Review
Do Information Technologies Improve Teenagers’ Sexual Education? Evidence from a Randomized Evaluation in Colombia
2020 Alberto Chong, Marco Gonzalez-Navarro, Dean Karlan, Martin Valdivia
This study reports results from a randomized evaluation of a mandatory six-month Internet-based sexual education course implemented across public junior high schools in 21 Colombian cities. Six months after finishing the course, the study finds a 0.4 standard deviation improvement in knowledge, a 0.2 standard deviation improvement in attitudes, and a 55 percent increase in […]
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Las aspiraciones de las mujeres rurales de Cajamarca en la educación de sus hijas e hijos
2020 Gabriela Arrunátegui
En este artículo, Gabriela Arrunátegui analiza las aspiraciones de las mujeres de zonas rurales de Cajamarca en la educación de sus hijas e hijos. Para ello, empleó la información cualitativa recogida en el año 2019 por el equipo del proyecto CREER, sobre prácticas pedagógicas y de género en 12 instituciones educativas multigrado de primaria en […]
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(Un)Conditional Love in the Time of Conditional Cash Transfers: The Effect of the Peruvian JUNTOS Program on Spousal Abuse
2020 Juan Jose Diaz, Víctor Saldarriaga
Cash Transfer programs often target women as the recipient of the money. Unintentionally, this flow of unearned income may reduce spousal abuse. Researchers investigate this possibility by assessing the Peruvian JUNTOS program. They exploit the staggered timing in the rollout of the program across municipalities along with its eligibility rule for determining participation to perform a difference-in-differences […]
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¿Hasta qué punto los latinoamericanos confían y cooperan? Experimentos de campo sobre exclusión social en seis países de América Latina
2008,
El documento investiga hasta que punto las personas confían, reciprocan, cooperan y comparten riesgos. El estudio se llevó a cabo en seis ciudades de América Latina aplicando una serie de experimentos de campo que incluían el juego de confianza, el mecanismo de contribuciones voluntarias y tres juegos de riesgo compartido. Los resultados sugieren que: (i) […]
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Gender and Ethnic Wage Gaps in Guatemala from a Matching Comparisons Perspective
2008,
The paper analyzes gender and ethnic wage gaps in Guatemala for the period 2000-2006, applying a matching comparisons technique, finding pronounced wage gaps along both gender and ethnic dimensions, the latter being greater. Wage gaps in Guatemala are partially explained by differences in human capital characteristics, especially education, between indigenous and non-indigenous and males and […]
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Gender Segregation in the Workplace and Wage Gaps: Evidence from Urban Mexico 1994-2004
2008,
The authors analyzes the evolution of gender segregation in the workplace in Mexico between 1994 and 2004, using a matching comparisons technique to explore the role of individual and family characteristics in determining gender segregation and wage gaps. The results suggest that the complete elimination of hierarchical segregation would reduce the observed gender wage gaps […]
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Etnicidad, antecedentes linguisticos y la salud materno infantil en el Perú
2007Martin Valdivia,
El papel de los antecedentes lingüísticos y la etnicidad como determinantes de las desigualdades en salud materno infantil en el Perú, gracias a los datos sobre la lengua materna de los ancestros de la mujer entrevistada incluidos en la ronda 2005 de la ENDES.
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An Extension of the Blinder-Oaxaca Decomposition to a Continuum of Comparison Groups
2007,
El artículo propone una extensión de la descomposición Blinder-Oaxaca de dos a un continuo de grupos en comparación. La descomposición propuesta es luego estimada para el caso de las diferencias raciales en los salarios en el Perú urbano, explotando una base de datos novedosa que permite capturar mestizajes.
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Projects
News
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Oswaldo Molina highlights Alan Sanchez and Marta Favara findings on the impact of JEC on teenage pregnancy
July 22, 2019 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
An op-ed by Oswaldo Molina, director of the Master in Economics at the Universidad del Pacífico, in El Comercio, highlights the findings of Alan Sanchez, Senior Researcher at GRADE and Young Lives Peru, and Marta Favara, Researcher at the University of Oxford, on the impact of the Peruvian extended school-day reform (Jornada Escolar Completa, JEC) on several […]
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Martín Valdivia’s research project on savings and credit groups has been selected by BBVA Edufin Research Grants 2019
June 18, 2019 Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
We congratulate Martín Valdivia, Senior Researcher at GRADE, whose research project on the impact of Savings and Credit Groups (GACC) has been one of the five proposals selected by BBVA Edufin Research Grants 2019. The objective of the study is to investigate if the process of peer learning leads to a healthy connection of these populations with […]
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The Consequences of Gender Discrimination in Work and Education in Peru, by Lorena Alcazar
June 5, 2019 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
In Peru, gender is one of the main factors contributing to disparities in education and employment. In this new article for Southern Voice, Lorena Alcázar, Senior Researcher at GRADE, outlines the many ways in which young Peruvians struggle to access decent work. Lorena leads Peru’s study case as part of the Southern Voice’s ‘State of […]
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They denounced, but were murdered, by GRADE’s consultant Wilson Hernández
April 29, 2019 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“International evidence shows that the most committed and sensitized police officers are those who best serve women who report violence from their partners”. Our consultant Wilson Hernández shares three key ideas in El Comercio so that previous delations to intimate femicide can be useful: better prepare the police to protect female informers, draw on technological solutions, and apply the risk assessment to those denounced.
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Group Sofia’s fifth anniversary: a systematization of its outcomes, achievements, challenges and lessons
April 8, 2019 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Group Sofía celebrates its fifth anniversary with a systematization document of its creation process, more tangible outcomes, more outstanding achievements and challenges, and lessons learned. The group aims to share their experience to contribute to the formation of similar networks in different specialties, as well as to motivate other researchers to contribute to counteracting gender […]
Events
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ON LIVE: Upcoming seminar: The challenges of ethnic self-identification: reflections after the census
30/05/2019 8:30 am - 6:30 pm Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
First part (from 9:15 to 11:00) Second part (from 11:25 to 13:00) Third part (from 14:45 to 18:10) Activists, researchers, professors, representatives of the government, and afrodescendant and indigenous organizations will discuss and generate recommendations to improve the gathering of census information with an ethnic ratial approach. The 2017 Population and Housing Census incorporated the variable of ethnic […]
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Brazil: Vanessa Rojas was a panelist at a conference on the international policy of children protection
20/05/2019 → 22/05/2019 9:30 am - 1:30 pm Hotel Everest (Rua Prudente de Morais, 1117, Ipanema, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our adjunct researcher and coordinator of the qualitative component of Young Lives Peru, Vanessa Rojas, was a panelist at the In whose “best interest”? Childhoods, children and the international policy of protection international conference. The event took place from May 20 to 22 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. During the seminar, international experts shared their thoughts […]
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Juan José Díaz and Juan León shared the results of the 2nd Experimental Impact Measurement of Sinfonía por el Perú
23/11/2018 Swisshotel (Centro Empresarial Real, Av. Sto. Toribio 173, San Isidro 15073) Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Methodologies for research and evaluation of policy and programmes
The results of the II Experimental Impact Measurement of Sinfonía por Peru (A Symphony for Peru) were presented by Juan José Díaz and Juan Leon, senior researchers at GRADE, with the support of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). Sinfonía por el Perú is a social and musical education program founded by the lyric singer Juan […]
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Hugo Ñopo will discuss the characteristics and sources of gender gaps in labour markets in Peru, at PUCP
24/08/2018 2:30 pm - 4:00 pm Campus PUCP - Auditorio Gustavo Gutiérrez Merino Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Hugo Ñopo will discuss the main characteristics of gender gaps in labor markets in Peru, as part of the Friday on Economics event series, held by the School of Economics at the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. Our senior researcher will address the sources of these disparities, with a special focus on stereotypes, education and the […]
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Martín Valdivia will be a panelist at the 2nd Capital Project Colloquium: 10 years linking social protection and financial inclusion
15/08/2018 → 17/08/2018 Exhacienda de Chautla, Puebla, México Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Methodologies for research and evaluation of policy and programmes
Our senior researcher, Martín Valdivia, will join in the 2nd Capital Project Colloquium: 10 years linking social protection and financial inclusion, held by the Secretariat of Social Development of Mexico and Capital Foundation. The event will take place from August 15 to 17, 2018 in Puebla, Mexico. On August 17, Martín will be part of […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






