Escobal, J. (2004). Los determinantes de la diversificación del ingreso no agrícola en el Perú rural. En Empleo e ingresos rurales  no agrícolas en América Latina (pp. 149-163). Santiago de Chile: Cepal, Rimisp, BID y FAO.

This article demonstrates that in rural Peru there has been a substantial growth in off-farm household employment over the last decade. Currently, 51% of the net income of rural households comes from this type of activity, and therefore it is clear that it cannot be considered “marginal”. Households have multiple reasons for diversifying their income. What is important is access to public goods such as roads and private goods such as education and credit. Increasing access to these assets will help rural households increase their self-employment as well as their wage employment in the non-farm sector.