Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
Despite social progress and economic advancement in recent years, different forms of social exclusion persist in Peru, which limit the access to development resources for indigenous peoples and Peruvians of African descent. These communities’ ability to fully realize their social, economic, and civil rights is in turn severely diminished. Along with these forms of social exclusion, various mores and institutions of Peruvian society perpetuate other types of social inequalities based on gender and have resulted in unequal opportunities for men and women in our country.
Both forms of inequality have structural roots that not only manifest themselves in civic and economic life, but also find expression in daily acts of discrimination and violence (physical and symbolic).
In this context, GRADE has produced a corpus of studies that explores the multiple dimensions of these forms of social inequality. The studies seek, above all, to bring these problems to the fore by measuring the magnitude of their impact on society, and in turn, we have created a resource for data and analysis that responds to these inequalities.
Building on these studies, we have begun to explore both the causes and consequences of these forms of exclusion, discrimination, and violence. We additionally conduct advocy with the state to incorporate solutions to these issues into its public policy agenda, and we likewise consult on the design of these policy resolutions..
Senior Researchers
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María Balarin Bonazzi
PhD en Educational Policy - University of Bath
María Balarin is a Senior Researcher at the Group for the Analysis of Development (GRADE) in Peru. Her research explores the political economy of education reform and educational justice in the Global South, with a particular focus on gender dynamics and socioeconomic exclusion. She has examined how state weakness shapes education reforms, the processes of […]
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Martín Benavides Abanto (on leave)
PhD en Sociology - Pennsylvania State University
Martín Benavides has a PhD in Sociology from Pennsylvania State University where he also attained a Master’s Degree in Education Policy. He has a degree in Sociology and a BA in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, and has been a visiting student on issues of social mobility and inequality at Nuffield College […]
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Juan León Jara-Almonte
PhD en - Pennsylvania State University
Juan has a PhD in Educational Theory and Policy and Comparative & International Education from Pennsylvania State University. He holds a Bachelor’s degree in Social Sciences with mention in Economics from the Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú. Currently, he is a Senior Researcher at GRADE. His research interests are inequality in education, intercultural bilingual education, early […]
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Martín Valdivia Huaringa
PhD en Applied Economics - University of Minnesota
Martin Valdivia has a PhD in Applied Economics from the University of Minnesota. He has worked as a Senior Researcher at GRADE since 1993. His fields of interest include entrepreneurship, financial inclusion, rural development and more recently democratic governance, with publications in journals such as the Review of Economics and Statistics, the Journal of Development […]
Associated Researchers
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Néstor Valdivia Vargas
PhD candidate en Sociology - El Colegio de México
Néstor Valdivia is studying for a PhD in Sociology at El Colegio de México and holds a degree in Sociology from the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. He is currently an Associate Researcher at GRADE in the fields of poverty and equality, education, the labor market and human development. He has worked on development and […]
External Consultants
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Paulo César Carrasco Fernández
Degree en - Pedro Ruíz Gallo National University
Paulo holds a Degree in Sociology from the National University Pedro Ruiz Gallo in Lambayeque and is a member of the Professional Board of Sociologists in Peru (Colegio de Sociólogos del Perú). Currently he is a Field Supervisor of the Childhood, Violence and Development Project funded by Bernard van Leer Foundation.
Publications
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Una mirada crítica a las políticas públicas en materia de violencia de género contra las mujeres
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022 Wilson Hernández
This essay critically analyzes public policies focused on intimate partner and intimate partner violence against women. The central argument is that the policies have privileged a top-down approach and in doing so have homogenized the target groups, relied on general statistics to describe them, and neglected the subnational context in charge of implementing such policies.
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Trayectorias educativas a lo largo del ciclo de vida: El rol de la pobreza, el área de residencia y las brechas de género
El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar2022 Alan Sanchez
The paper documents the evolution of educational gaps throughout the life cycle, analyzes the links between poverty and gender gaps, and attempts to identify the factors that mediate this relationship in order to propose policy recommendations for children, adolescents and youth.
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El Perú pendiente: ensayos para un desarrollo con bienestar
2022 Maria Balarin, Santiago Cueto, Ricardo Fort
The essays that make up this book have been written to commemorate the first 40 years of GRADE’s institutional life, which coincides not only with the Bicentennial of Peru’s Independence, but also with the health crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its profound economic, social and political consequences. From different conceptual and methodological perspectives, […]
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El impacto de la pandemia por la COVID-19 sobre la violencia familiar: diferenciando víctimas, tipos de violencia y niveles de riesgo en el Perú
2022 Wilson Hernández, Angelo Cozzubo, José Carlos Aguilar, Denise Ledgard, Jorge Aguero
Las medidas para mitigar los contagios por COVID-19 generaron condiciones para una mayor violencia familiar (confinamiento forzado, restricciones de movilidad, estrés económico, etc.). Tal fue el caso del Perú. Esta investigación evalúa el impacto de estas condiciones sobre la violencia familiar en el Perú durante las primeras 14 semanas de cuarenta. Empleamos los registros administrativos […]
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JournalEconomic Development and Cultural Change
(Un)Conditional love in the time of conditional cash transfers: the effect of the Peruvian JUNTOS program on spousal abuse
2022 Juan Jose Diaz, Víctor Saldarriaga
Cash transfer programs often target women as the recipient of the money. Unintentionally, this flow of unearned income may reduce spousal abuse. We investigate this possibility by assessing the Peruvian JUNTOS program. We exploit the staggered timing in the rollout of the program across municipalities along with its eligibility rule for determining participation to perform […]
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Infancia, transiciones y bienestar en el Perú: una revisión bibliográfica
2010
Sorry, this entry is only available in Español.
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Evolution of Gender Gaps in Latin America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Addendum to “New Century, Old Disparities”
2010,
The paper complements the findings of Atal, Ñopo and Winder (2009) on gender and ethnic wage gaps for 18 Latin American countries circa 2005 by analyzing gender wage gaps for the same countries between circa 1992 and circa 2007. During this span the overall gender earnings gaps dropped about 7 percentage points, while the unexplained […]
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Evolution of Gender Wage Gaps in Latin America at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: An Addendum to “New Century, Old Disparities”
2010,
The authors complements the findings of Atal, Ñopo and Winder (2010) on gender and ethnic wage gaps for 18 Latin American countries circa 2005 by analyzing gender wage gaps for the same countries between circa 1992 and circa 2007. During this span the overall gender earnings gaps dropped about 7 percentage points, while the unexplained […]
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The Persistent Gender Earnings Gap in Colombia, 1994-2006
2010
The authors surveys gender wage gaps in Colombia from 1994 to 2006, using matchingcomparisons to examine the extent to which individuals with similar human capitalcharacteristics earn different wages. Three sub-periods are considered: 1994-1998; 2000-2001; and 2002- 2006. The gaps dropped from the first to the second period but remained almost unchanged between the second and […]
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Gender Earnings Gaps in the Caribbean: Evidence from Barbados and Jamaica
2010,
The authors analyzes gender earnings gaps in Barbados and Jamaica, using a matching comparisons approach. In both countries, as in most of the Caribbean region, females’ educational achievement is higher than that of males. Nonetheless, males’ earnings surpass those of their female peers. Depending on the set of control characteristics, males’ earnings surpass those of […]
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Using Pseudo‐Panels To Measure Income Mobility In Latin America
2011,
The paper presents a comparative overview of mobility patterns in 14 Latin American countries between 1992 and 2003. Using three alternative econometric techniques on constructed pseudo-panels, the paper provides a set of estimators for the traditional notion of income mobility as well as for mobility around extreme and moderate poverty lines. The estimates suggest very […]
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To What Extent Do Latin Americans Trust, Reciprocate, and Cooperate?: Evidence from Experiments in Six Latin American Countries
2009,
The paper explores the extent to which individuals trust, reciprocate, cooperate, and pool risk. The authors use a battery of field experiments containing the trust game, the voluntary contribution mechanism, and the risk-pooling game, which we apply in six capital cities in Latin America. A salient feature of the paper is that the data is […]
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The Mystery of Discrimination in Latin America
2008,
In the paper the authors focus on a particular family of studies, namely, wage gaps decompositions. Numerous efforts have focused on documenting earnings differentials between females and males, indigenous and nonindigenous people, or Afro-descendants and whites. As the pieces of the literature that the authors survey in this section show, comparisons of hourly labor earnings (wages or […]
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JournalRevista Economía
Occupational training to reduce gender segregation: The impacts of ProJoven
2008,
The paper illustrates the process of program evaluation for ProJoven, the Peruvian youth labor training program. The program provides beneficiaries with basic three-month training in lowskill occupations and with internship opportunities. ProJoven’s design promotes gender equality by encouraging female participation in training for traditionally male-dominated occupations and by providing subsidies so mothers with children can […]
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JournalUniversitas: Revista de Filosofía, Derecho y Política
Opinión pública, agenda, democracia y derechos humanos: apuntes para el estudio de una relación imperfecta
2008
This article explores the relationship between the media, democracy, currents of opinion and the establishment of a public agenda. We will discuss the dilemmas in the interrelation of these fields in light of the precarious presence of the human rights agenda in the mass media, especially television, and its necessary contribution to a democratic debate […]
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Projects
News
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Wilson Hernández shares his opinion in El Comercio about the police reform: lay the foundations and propose a plan
November 29, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
What this government will do is lay the foundations for the police reform and propose a work plan for a commission to execute it as of July 28, 2021. But in these months of the transitional government, progress can be made on important issues”. According to our adjunct researcher, Wilson Hernández, these issues are three: improving the […]
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Wilson Hernández in RPP Noticias: survey reveals that 30% of victims noticed the first sign of violence in the first year of romantic relationship
November 25, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Wilson Hernández, adjunct researcher at GRADE, spoke in RPP Noticias about the findings of a survey conducted among women victims of intimate partner violence. This study indicates that 30% of the victims noticed the first sign of violence in the first year of romantic relationship. While another 30% perceived violence in the second year.
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“Not all aggressors and not all victims are the same”. Wilson Hernández joins REDES and RPP podcast on violence against women
November 24, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“Not all aggressors and not all victims are the same. They are different in the frequency and severity of the attacks. Let’s discuss two patterns of victimization. One in which women suffer a lot of physical, psychological and sexual aggression, and are subjected to aggression in the last 12 months. This is 9% of women […]
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Come On, Guys: It’s Time Men Got More Involved at Home, by Hugo Ñopo
October 22, 2020 Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“One of the biggest hurdles women face when it comes to professional opportunities lies at home. We — husbands, fathers, sons and brothers — are largely responsible for the inequality that stems from our own behavior in the household. And we do this to the people we love!”. Hugo Ñopo, senior researcher at GRADE, writes in Americas Quaterly […]
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Young, rural and low-income women lost more their jobs during the pandemic
October 21, 2020 Employment, productivity and innovation, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“The research calculated that 34% of female heads of households lost their jobs compared to 28% of their male counterparts, as this problem is much more profound in Peru, El Salvador, Honduras and Bolivia. More than half of the women female heads of households who are in charge of children under 6 have seen their […]
Events
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Wilson Hernández and Walter Noel will share their studies on criminality and citizen insecurity at a CIES meeting
20/05/2021 10:00 am Facebook CIES Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Our adjunct researcher, Wilson Hernández, will share his study (together with Lucía Dammert and Lilian Kanashiro from the University of Lima) “The perception of citizen insecurity: determinants and narratives”, as part of the Thursday of Researchers of the Consortium for the Economic and Social Research (CIES). Walter Noel, assistant researcher at GRADE, will share his study […]
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GRADE’s researchers will give methodological workshops, attend conferences and share papers at the VII National Seminar of the SIEP
18/05/2021 → 21/05/2021 Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Methodologies for research and evaluation of policy and programmes, Poverty and equality, State reform and public institutions
Diversos investigadores de Grade del área de investigación Educación y aprendizajes dictarán talleres metodológicos, participarán de conferencias y presentarán ponencias en el VII Seminario Nacional de Investigación Educativa «Causas y desafíos de la segregación educativa: implicancias para la calidad, la equidad y la construcción de ciudadanía», organizado por la Sociedad de Investigación Educativa Peruana (SIEP), el 18, 19, 20 y 21 de mayo, por primera […]
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Wilson Hernández in TEDxTukuyWomen20: “We tend to simplify a big issue like gender violence”
18/12/2020 Facebook TED Tukuy Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
“We tend to simplify a big issue like gender violence. We take quick guesses, and we use common sense that is full of stereotypes that we do not always know or can question. With this, we create myths such as that violence against women is concentrated in those with low resources or that it is easy […]
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GRADE’s researchers at the 31st CIES Annual Research Seminar 2020
15/12/2020 → 17/12/2020 Zoom CIES Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship, Natural resources, extractive industries and social conflict
Del 15 al 17 de diciembre, se llevará a cabo el XXXI Seminario Anual de Investigación 2020 del Consorcio de Investigación Económica y Social (CIES), cuyo tema será “Perú 2021-2026: retos y oportunidades en el nuevo contexto mundial”. Como cada año, varios de nuestros investigadores e investigadoras participarán como expositores, comentaristas y conductores de las […]
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Santiago Cueto will be a speaker at CONADIS 1st National Research Meeting on Disability
04/12/2020 5:40 pm Facebook CONADIS Education and learning, Ethnicity, gender and citizenship
Santiago Cueto will be one of the speakers at the 1st National Research Meeting on Disability, organized by the National Council for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS). Our executive director and senior researcher will present “Coverage, opportunities, factors associated with access and perceptions about special education and educational inclusion in Peru”. LIVE BROADCAST Join the […]
- Education and Learning
- Employment, Productivity and Innovation
- Rural Development and Agriculture
- Ethnicity, Gender and Citizenship
- Methodologies for Research and Evaluation of Policy and Programmes
- Poverty and Equity
- Natural Resources, Extractive Industries and Social Conflict
- State Reform and Public Institutions
- Health and Nutrition
- Urbanization and Sustainable Cities






